Philippines - from dedicated communities to devastating mines

Feature story - August 15, 2006
Scientists recognise the Philippine archipelago as the world's centre of marine biodiversity, but the country's rich marine ecosystem is severely threatened by pollution from diverse sources.

A couple of groupers hiding in a crevice.

As part of the Defending Our Ocean's expedition, the Esperanza arrivedtoday in Manila, capital of the Philippines.  On this leg, theship's crew will campaign against plastics pollution, draw attention tothe damage being done by an Australian mining company and highlightsuccessful community efforts to protect marine resources.




Manila Bay

This bay wasonce considered one of the most beautiful in the world, now it is oneof the most polluted.  Sludge, human sewage, industrial waste and,especially, plain garbage foul the water.  Much of the garbage isplastic from 'single use' sources - that is plastic bags, beveragebottles, cups and other items intended to be used once and thrown away.Most of these plastics come from land-based sources and are carriedalong deltas of rivers and estuaries, smothering mangrove trees andother marine life.

The Philippines also has some of the bestexamples of communities protecting their marine resources.  We'llbe visiting two such places - Donsol and Apo Island.

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Underwater beauty of the Philippines

Aserious-looking Hawksbill turtle staring at the observer, two friendlyshining-orange clown fish swimming by, local fishermen bringing outtheir traditional "sudsud" nets in the evening dusk - the sea of thePhilippines is a paradise you just want to dive into.  These images urge us to protect thisbiodiversity for future generations. Have a look, dream - and act!

       

Donsol

Theplankton-rich waters of the municipality of Donsol are known feedinggrounds for whale sharks. These largest fish of the sea are celebrityanimals. Time magazine in 2004 called the Donsol whale shark experiencethe "Best Animal Encounter in Asia". The thousands of tourists whoflock to Donsol yearly seem to agree.

The epicentre of thewhale sharks' activity is undeniably Donsol. But come migration time,the neighbouring municipalities of Bacon and Rapu Rapu find themselvesvisited by these gentle giants as well.

Apo Island

Knownaround the world as one of the best examples of a community-managedmarine reserve, Apo Island is a small, steep volcanic island surroundedby narrow fringing coral reefs. The waters around it are home to 650species of fish and 400 species of corals.

There was a time,however, when the fish were not so abundant. Decades ago the islandersused dynamite for fishing, and practised other unsustainable methods.Eking out a living as a fisherman became more and more difficult.

Coralreef protection in Apo Island began informally in 1982 under a MarineConservation Development Program started by Silliman University in thePhilippines.  At first the local community was sceptical, so theproject began on a small scale.  As fish catches improved theislanders became convinced.  

In 1985, the island communityand local council formalized the sanctuary, declaring waterssurrounding the island up to 500 metres from the shore a marine reserve,and a portion of the coast in the south-eastern part of the island ano-take fish sanctuary.

The community now plays a major rolein protecting their marine resources in a model we hope will spread toother parts of the Philippines and the world.

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Island mining video update:

Miningoperations on Rapu Rapu island in the Philippines by Australian companyLaFayette are a ticking time bomb for local fisheries and the region'scoral reefs and whale sharks.

More Ocean Defenders TV.

Rapu Rapu

Theisland of Rapu Rapu is in many ways similar to Donsol and ApoIsland.  Rapu Rapu's surrounding waters also teem with marinelife.  Its locals also depend on the sea for theirlivelihood.  But there is an important and loomingdifference.  Rapu Rapu has a large open pit mine - run byAustralian company Lafayette.  This mine was temporarily closedafter two toxic spills last year, but recently re-opened despite therecommendation of a presidential fact finding commission.

ReynaldoCotorno, a Rapu Rapu fisherman who had waded out to fish on October11th recounted what happened when the first spill reached theocean.  As he put it, "I was wearing trousers at the time. The seawater stung as if there were insects, but that was not it. Perhaps it was the chemicals that caused the fish to die. There werereally a lot of dead fish, big and small ones together with shellfish." 

As the presidential commission determined, another suchspill is not necessary to demonstrate that mining operations will beseverely detrimental to Rapu Rapu, and its surrounding waters. Initial ecological and health studies on the Rapu-Rapu mine warned ofheavy metal contamination, siltation and other acute and long-termimpacts on the marine ecosystem, including the complications of acidmine drainage.

In May, a Greenpeace report revealed that RapuRapu residents only stand to gain about US$0.04 (PhP2.00) per capitaincome per day during the mine's seven-year of operation. This amountdoes not even look into the environmental, health and social costs thatthe local population will incur from the project.

Islanders knowthat the fate of their community is linked to the health of theocean.  Thinking of his children, fisherman Cotorno said, "Inshort, I am against the mine because I am thinking of the future."

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