{"id":15870,"date":"2021-03-23T15:02:35","date_gmt":"2021-03-23T02:02:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/?p=15870"},"modified":"2025-05-20T14:11:26","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T02:11:26","slug":"many-new-zealand-species-are-already-at-risk-because-of-predators-and-habitat-loss-climate-change-makes-things-worse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/many-new-zealand-species-are-already-at-risk-because-of-predators-and-habitat-loss-climate-change-makes-things-worse\/","title":{"rendered":"Many New Zealand species are already at risk because of predators and habitat loss. Climate change makes things worse"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Islands are biodiversity hotspots. They are home to 20% of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0169534714000147\">world\u2019s plants and animals<\/a> yet cover only 5% of the global landmass. But island ecosystems are highly vulnerable, threatened by habitat fragmentation and introduced invasive weeds and predators. <\/p>\n\n<p>Climate change adds to all these stresses. In our <a href=\"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/fee.2285\">recent paper<\/a>, we use Aotearoa New Zealand as a case study to show how climate change accelerates biodiversity decline on islands by exacerbating existing conservation threats. <\/p>\n\n<p>Aotearoa is one of the world\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.environmentguide.org.nz\/issues\/biodiversity\/#:%7E:text=New%20Zealand%20is%20an%20internationally%20recognised%20world%20'hotspot'%20for%20biodiversity.&amp;text=This%20is%20nearly%2040%20percent,currently%20at%20risk%20or%20threatened.\">biodiversity hotspots<\/a>, with 80% of vascular plants, 81% of arthropods and 60% of land vertebrate animals found nowhere else.<\/p>\n\n<p>Its evolutionary history is <a href=\"http:\/\/mvellend.recherche.usherbrooke.ca\/2017-03Vellend.pdf\">dominated by birds<\/a>. Before the arrival of people, the only native land mammals were bats. But now, <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/emr.12230?casa_token=qckLzc26ElwAAAAA%3AwiC1J6kW106NruHPuX6cVBBUkRXJKjro7SM71keoOabakEvvCZNwPXXIKmpfLH8oVpzpJLMMLyiCnxel\">introduced predators<\/a> threaten the survival of many species.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-complex-interplay-between-many-threats\">Complex interplay between many threats<\/h2>\n\n<p>Conservation efforts have rightly concentrated on the eradication of introduced predators, with world-leading success in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320715000117?casa_token=YUVvgnrnA-8AAAAA:xH3ZyCgbD9B04oX632StpDdp9-YOFpIOeNIoP0VTm5B0rIzNj_5bfOC_vwJHj64l0k35e3atIEA\">eradication of rats<\/a> in particular. <\/p>\n\n<p>Potential climate change impacts have been mostly ignored. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/WGIIAR5-Chap25_FINAL.pdf\">Successive assessments<\/a> by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/\">IPCC<\/a>) highlight the lack of information for Aotearoa. This could be due to insufficient research, system complexity or a lack of impacts. <\/p>\n\n<p>In the past, some researchers even dismissed climate change as an issue for biodiversity in Aotearoa. Our maritime climate is comparatively mild and already variable. As a result, organisms are expected to be well adapted to changing conditions. <\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<p>\n  <em>\n    <strong>\n      Read more:\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/despite-its-green-image-nz-has-worlds-highest-proportion-of-species-at-risk-116063\">Despite its green image, NZ has world&#8217;s highest proportion of species at risk<\/a>\n    <\/strong>\n  <\/em>\n<\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<p>Palaeo-ecological records suggest few species extinctions despite abrupt environmental change <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/030913339902300406?casa_token=44KjuzoTQdcAAAAA:OtDRQDPlzSTMIh5S5zp_xnKo0rAml7GDJfW4Bhmq4So4KTfrfLYu4VR42CI4NXW6KThI5k55IRY-\">during the Quaternary period<\/a> (from 2.5 million years ago to present). But past climate change provides an incomplete picture of contemporary change because it did not include human-induced threats. <\/p>\n\n<p>Habitat loss and fragmentation, land\u2010use change and complex interactions between native species and introduced predators or invasive weeds all contribute to these threats.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-climate-change-affects-biodiversity\">How climate change affects biodiversity<\/h2>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/332\/6025\/53.abstract?casa_token=MHbslP-oTDUAAAAA:r69-zuFAtfCaKzOGLy8Fs17R2oNLy07fizuOp5CiOzruRzfFnNgR85FE6AJHA4u63OOohz_k31gGow\">Species respond to climate change<\/a> by evolving physiological adjustments, moving to new habitats or, in the worst cases, becoming extinct. These responses then change ecosystem processes, including species interactions and ecosystem functions (such as carbon uptake and storage). <\/p>\n\n<p>Methods for identifying climate change impacts are either empirical and observational (field studies and manipulative experiments) or mechanistic (ecophysiological models). Mechanistic approaches allow predictions of impacts under future climate scenarios. But linking species and ecosystem change directly to climate can be challenging in a complex world where multiple stressors are at play.<\/p>\n\n<p>There are several well-known examples of climate change impacts on species endemic to Aotearoa. First, warming of tuatara eggs changes the sex ratio of hatchlings. Hotter conditions <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.01964.x?casa_token=yVw5-OYv29oAAAAA%3AqIN5nYcsxjHBLLIUOynCniMA9mpvq8tAFLabb0vpOk8njhbeodAWxOgCxrbM1c9VattKHeOIsX06n8I\">produce more males<\/a>, potentially threatening long-term survival of small, isolated populations.<\/p>\n\n<p>Second, mast seeding (years of unusually high production of seed) is highly responsive to temperature and mast events are <a href=\"https:\/\/nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/nph.13817\">likely to increase<\/a> under future climate change. During mast years, the seeds provide more food for invasive species like rats or mice, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4593?origin=crossref&amp;seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents\">their populations<\/a> explode in response to the abundant food and then, when the seed resource is used up, they turn to other food sources such as invertebrates and bird eggs. This has <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10144-008-0114-4\">major impacts<\/a> on native ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n<p>How masting plants respond to climate change is complex and depends on the species. The <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/gcb.15560\">full influence of climate<\/a> is still emerging.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-indirect-effects-of-climate-change\">Indirect effects of climate change<\/h2>\n\n<p>We identified a range of known and potential complex impacts of climate change in several ecosystems. The alpine zone is particularly vulnerable. <a href=\"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ecy.2913\">Warming experiments<\/a> showed rising temperatures extend the overlap between the flowering seasons of native alpine plants and invasive plants. This potentially increases competition for pollinators and could result in lower seed production. <\/p>\n\n<p>Some large alpine birds, including the alpine parrot kea, will have fewer cool places to take refuge from invasive predators. This will cause\nlocal extinctions in a process know as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320718315623?casa_token=y6pScLXNg1QAAAAA:RkM34x61RfLrD81aslaPtQhf-nmxm2B7k03XqcE0BPekorksu1K3OAbjBN87qRzO5MCJtq0XaQ\">thermal squeeze<\/a>\u201d.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Small alpine lakes, known as tarns, are not well understood but are also likely to suffer from thermal squeeze and increased drought periods. Warmer temperatures may also allow Australian brown tree frogs to invade further into these sensitive systems.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Climate change <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/indigenouspeoples\/climate-change.html\">disproportionately affects<\/a> Indigenous people worldwide. In Aotearoa, culturally significant species such as <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00227-017-3182-1\">t\u012bt\u012b<\/a> (sooty shearwater) and <a href=\"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/pan3.15\">harakeke<\/a> (flax) will be influenced by climate change. <\/p>\n\n<p>The breeding success of t\u012bt\u012b, which are harvested traditionally, is strongly influenced by the El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (<a href=\"https:\/\/niwa.co.nz\/climate\/information-and-resources\/elnino\">ENSO<\/a>) cycle. As ENSO intensifies under climate change, numbers of young surviving are decreasing. For harakeke, future climate projections predict changes in plant distribution, potentially making weaving materials unavailable to some hap\u016b (subtribes).<\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<p>\n  <em>\n    <strong>\n      Read more:\n      <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/traditional-knowledge-helps-indigenous-people-adapt-to-climate-crisis-research-shows-139974\">Traditional knowledge helps Indigenous people adapt to climate crisis, research shows<\/a>\n    <\/strong>\n  <\/em>\n<\/p>\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03036758.2016.1252407\">M\u0101tauranga<\/a>, the Indigenous knowledge of M\u0101ori, provides insights on climate change that haven\u2019t been captured in western science. For instance, the M\u0101ori calendar, maramataka, has been developed over centuries of observations. <\/p>\n\n<p>Maramataka for each h\u0101pu (subtribe) provide guidance for the timing of gathering mahinga kai (traditional food sources). This includes the gathering of fish and other seafood, planting of crops and harvesting food. Because this calendar is based on knowledge that has accrued over generations, some changes in timing and distributions due to environmental or climate change may be captured in these oral histories. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-climate-change-is-here-now\">Climate change is here now<\/h2>\n\n<p>Future <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfe.govt.nz\/climate-change\/likely-impacts-of-climate-change\/likely-climate-change-impacts-nz\">projections of climate change<\/a> are complicated in Aotearoa \u2014 but it is clear the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/climate-change-is-hitting-hard-across-new-zealand-official-report-finds-115661#\">climate is already changing<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n<p>Last year was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rnz.co.nz\/news\/national\/434389\/2020-new-zealand-s-seventh-warmest-as-weather-anomalies-continue#:%7E:text=The%20hottest%20year%20on%20record,highest%20January%20temperature%20on%20record.\">seventh hottest on record<\/a> for Aotearoa. Many parts of the country suffered severe summer drought. <a href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/146674\/new-zealand-browned-by-drought\">NASA captured images<\/a> of browned landscapes across the country. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/390749\/original\/file-20210321-23-ob0qyu.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Satellite images of New Zealand, showing two years and the impact of drought.\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\n              <span class=\"caption\">These images show how the Hawke\u2019s Bay dried out between the summer (December to February) periods of 2019 (left) and 2020 (right).<\/span>\n              <span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/146674\/new-zealand-browned-by-drought\">NASA<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span>\n            <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>Much of the focus of climate change research has been in agricultural and other human landscapes but we need more effort to quantify the threat for our endemic systems.<\/p>\n\n<p>On islands across the world, rising sea levels and more severe extreme weather events are threatening the survival of endemic species and ecosystems. We need to understand the complicated processes through which climate change interacts with other threats to ensure the success of conservation projects. <\/p>\n\n<p>While we focused on terrestrial and freshwater systems, marine and near-shore ecosystems are also suffering because of ocean acidification, rising sea levels and <a href=\"https:\/\/niwa.co.nz\/news\/marine-heatwave-conditions-forming-niwa\">marine heatwaves<\/a>. These processes threaten marine productivity, fisheries and mahinga kai resources.<\/p>\n\n<p>And for long-term conservation success, we need to consider both direct and indirect impacts of climate change on our unique species and ecosystems.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/156650\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n\n<p><span><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/cate-macinnis-ng-28959\">Cate Macinnis-Ng<\/a>, Associate Professor, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-auckland-1305\">University of Auckland<\/a><\/em> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/angus-mcintosh-1142987\">Angus Mcintosh<\/a>, Professor of Freshwater Ecology, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-canterbury-1004\">University of Canterbury<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n<p>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/many-new-zealand-species-are-already-at-risk-because-of-predators-and-habitat-loss-climate-change-makes-things-worse-156650\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"EmptyMessage\">Block content is empty. Check the block&#8217;s settings or remove it.<\/div>\n<p class=\"has-beige-100-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\">This article\u00a0is a guest post and doesn&#8217;t necessarily represent the views of Greenpeace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Islands are biodiversity hotspots. They are home to 20% of the world\u2019s plants and animals yet cover only 5% of the global landmass. But island ecosystems are highly vulnerable, threatened&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":52478,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_planet4_optimize_post_is_variant":false,"_planet4_optimize_experiment_name":"","_planet4_optimize_variant_name":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"Many New Zealand species are already at risk because of predators and habitat loss. Climate change makes things worse,","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"not set","p4_local_project":"not set","p4_basket_name":"not set","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[41],"p4-page-type":[6],"class_list":["post-15870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-greenpeace","tag-biodiversity","p4-page-type-story"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.8 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Many New Zealand species are already at risk because of predators and habitat loss. Climate change makes things worse<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/many-new-zealand-species-are-already-at-risk-because-of-predators-and-habitat-loss-climate-change-makes-things-worse\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Many New Zealand species are already at risk because of predators and habitat loss. Climate change makes things worse\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Islands are biodiversity hotspots. They are home to 20% of the world\u2019s plants and animals yet cover only 5% of the global landmass. But island ecosystems are highly vulnerable, threatened&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/many-new-zealand-species-are-already-at-risk-because-of-predators-and-habitat-loss-climate-change-makes-things-worse\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Greenpeace Aotearoa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/greenpeace.nz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-03-23T02:02:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-20T02:11:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2022\/07\/c88d3571-gp0stqdvq_pressmedia-1024x665.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"665\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nick Young\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@GreenpeaceNZ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@GreenpeaceNZ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nick Young\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/many-new-zealand-species-are-already-at-risk-because-of-predators-and-habitat-loss-climate-change-makes-things-worse\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/many-new-zealand-species-are-already-at-risk-because-of-predators-and-habitat-loss-climate-change-makes-things-worse\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Nick Young\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/#\/schema\/person\/cd74b3cb7be5f23213b8b83730534221\"},\"headline\":\"Many New Zealand species are already at risk because of predators and habitat loss. 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