{"id":59198,"date":"2023-04-16T15:55:27","date_gmt":"2023-04-16T03:55:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/?p=59198"},"modified":"2025-05-20T14:04:26","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T02:04:26","slug":"willow-project-arctic-oil-drilling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/willow-project-arctic-oil-drilling\/","title":{"rendered":"3 reasons the Willow Project Arctic oil drilling project was approved"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For more than six decades, Alaska\u2019s North Slope has been a focus of intense controversy over oil development and wilderness protection, with no end in sight. The Willow Project field, a 600-million-barrel, US$8 billion oil project recently approved by the Biden administration<\/a> \u2013 to the outrage<\/a> of environmental and climate activists \u2013 is the latest chapter in that long saga.<\/p>\n\n

To understand why President Joe Biden allowed the project, despite vowing \u201cno more drilling on federal lands, period<\/a>\u201d during his campaign for president, some historical background is necessary, along with a closer look at the ways domestic and international fears are complicating any decision for or against future oil development on the North Slope.<\/p>\n\n

\"3
Several oil projects are active in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. Bob Wick\/Bureau of Land Management<\/a>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

More than just Willow Project<\/h2>\n\n

The Willow project lies within a vast, 23 million-acre area known as the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska<\/a>, or NPR-A. This was one of four such reserves set aside in the early 1900s to guarantee a supply of oil for the U.S. military. Though no production existed at the time in NPR-A, geologic information and surface seeps of oil suggested large resources<\/a> across the North Slope.<\/p>\n\n

Proof came with the 1968 discovery of the supergiant Prudhoe Bay field<\/a>, which began producing oil in 1977. Exploratory programs in the NPR-A, however, found only small oil accumulations worthy of local uses.<\/p>\n\n

Then, in the 2000s, new geologic understanding and advanced exploration technology<\/a> led companies to lease portions of the reserve, and they soon made large fossil fuel discoveries. Because NPR-A is federal land, government approval is required for any development. To date, most have been approved. Willow is the latest.<\/p>\n\n

\"Two
Caribou in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska are important for Native groups. However, Native communities have also been split over support for drilling, which can bring income. Bob Wick\/Bureau of Land Management<\/a>, CC BY<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Opposition to North Slope drilling from conservationists, environmental organizations and some Native communities, mainly in support of wilderness preservation, has been fierce since the opening of Prudhoe Bay<\/a> and the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline in the 1970s. In the wake of 1970s oil crises, opponents failed to stop development.<\/p>\n\n

During the next four decades, controversy shifted east to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge<\/a>. Republican presidents and congressional leaders repeatedly attempted to open the refuge to drilling but were consistently stifled \u2013 until 2017. That year, the Trump administration opened it to leasing. Ironically, no companies were interested. Oil prices had fallen, risk was high and the reputational cost was large.<\/p>\n\n

To the west of the refuge, however, a series of new discoveries in NPR-A and adjacent state lands were drawing attention as a major new oil play with multibillion-barrel potential. Oil prices had risen, and though they fell again in 2020, they have been mostly above $70 per barrel \u2013 high enough to encourage significant new development.<\/p>\n\n

\"Map
ConocoPhillips\u2019 Willow project is in the northeast corner of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. USGS, Department of Interior<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Opposition, to Willow with little success<\/h2>\n\n

Opposition to the new Willow project has been driven by concerns about the effects of drilling on wildlife and of increasing fossil fuel use on the climate. Willow\u2019s oil is estimated to be capable of releasing 287 million metric tons of carbon dioxide<\/a> if refined into fuels and consumed.<\/p>\n\n

In particular, opponents have focused on a planned pipeline that will extend the existing infrastructure further westward, deeper into NPR-A, and likely encourage further exploratory drilling.<\/p>\n\n

So far, that resistance has had little success.<\/p>\n\n

Twenty miles to the south of Willow is the Peregrine discovery area<\/a>, estimated to hold around 1.6 billion barrels of oil. Its development was approved by the Biden administration in late 2022. To the east lies the Pikka-Horseshoe discovery area<\/a>, with around 2 billion barrels. It\u2019s also likely to gain approval. Still other NPR-A drilling has occurred to the southwest (Harpoon prospect<\/a>), northeast (Cassin), and southeast (Stirrup).<\/p>\n\n

\"Young
Young protesters in Washington in 2022 urged Biden to reject the Willow project. Jemal Countess\/Getty Images for Sunrise AU<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Questions of legality around the Willow Project<\/h2>\n\n

One reason the Biden administration approved the Willow project involves legality: ConocoPhillips holds the leases and has a legal right to drill. Canceling its leases would bring a court case that, if lost, would set a precedent, cost the government millions of dollars in fees and do nothing to stop oil drilling.<\/p>\n\n

Instead, the government made a deal with ConocoPhillips that shrank the total surface area to be developed at Willow by 60%<\/a>, including removing a sensitive wildlife area known as Teshekpuk Lake. The Biden administration also announced that it was putting 13 million acres of the NPR-A and all federal waters of the Arctic Ocean off limits to new leases<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

That has done little to stem anger over approval of the project, however. Two groups have already sued<\/a> over the approval.<\/p>\n\n

Taking future risks into account<\/h2>\n\n

To further understand Biden\u2019s approval of the Willow project, one has to look into the future, too.<\/p>\n\n

Discoveries in the northeastern NPR-A suggest this will become a major new oil production area for the U.S. While actual oil production is not expected there for several years<\/a>, its timing will coincide with a forecast plateau or decline in total U.S. production later this decade, because of what one shale company CEO described as the end of shale oil\u2019s aggressive growth<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

\"How<\/figure>\n\n

Historically, declines in domestic supply have brought higher fuel prices and imports. High gasoline and diesel prices, with their inflationary impacts, can weaken the political party in power. While current prices and inflation haven\u2019t damaged Biden and the Democrats too much, nothing guarantees this will remain the case.<\/p>\n\n

Geopolitical concerns, particularly Europe<\/h2>\n\n

The Biden administration also faces geopolitical pressure right now due to Russia\u2019s war on Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n

U.S. companies ramped up exports<\/a> of oil and natural gas over the past year to become a lifeline for Europe<\/a> as the European Union uses sanctions and bans on Russian fossil fuel imports<\/a> to try to weaken the Kremlin\u2019s ability to finance its war on Ukraine. U.S. imports have been able to replace a major portion<\/a> of Russian supply that Europe once counted on.<\/p>\n\n

Europe\u2019s energy crisis has also led to the return of energy security as a top concern<\/a> of national leaders worldwide. Without a doubt, the crisis has clarified that oil and gas are still critical to the global economy. The Biden administration is taking the position that reducing the supply by a significant amount \u2013 necessary as it is<\/a> to avoid damaging climate change \u2013 cannot be done by prohibition alone. Halting new drilling worldwide would drive fuel prices sky-high, weakening economies and the ability to deal with the climate problem.<\/p>\n\n

Energy transitions depend on changes in demand, not just supply. As an energy scholar, I believe advancing the affordability of electric vehicles and the infrastructure they need would do much more for reducing oil use than drilling bans. Though it may seem counterintuitive, by aiding European economic stability, U.S. exports of fossil fuels may also help the EU plan to accelerate noncarbon energy use in the years ahead.<\/p>\n\n

Scott L. Montgomery<\/a>, Lecturer, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSay no to The Willow Project!!\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Add your voice to the global call to stop the Willow Project<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\n

This article\u00a0is a guest post and doesn’t necessarily represent the views of Greenpeace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Willow Project lies within a vast, 23 million-acre area known as the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. 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