{"id":63139,"date":"2024-04-05T10:54:18","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T21:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/?p=63139"},"modified":"2025-05-20T13:30:29","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T01:30:29","slug":"australian-mega-drought","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/australian-mega-drought\/","title":{"rendered":"A 20-year \u2018mega-drought\u2019 in Australia? Research suggests it\u2019s happened before \u2013 and we should expect it\u00a0again"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Droughts can have dramatic effects in Australia \u2013 decimating agriculture, threatening water resources and devastating the environment. Much of Australia is drought-prone, and the risk is expected to increase as global warming continues.<\/p>\n\n<p>That\u2019s why it\u2019s important for Australia to be prepared for droughts, particularly those lasting multiple years.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/62c0e462-matt-palmer-ofj7ppg9kci-unsplash-1024x683.jpg\" title=\"A dry creek bed in Hartz Mountains, Tasmania, Australia.\" alt=\"A dry creek bed in Hartz Mountains, Tasmania, Australia.\" class=\"wp-image-63140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/62c0e462-matt-palmer-ofj7ppg9kci-unsplash-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/62c0e462-matt-palmer-ofj7ppg9kci-unsplash-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/62c0e462-matt-palmer-ofj7ppg9kci-unsplash-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/62c0e462-matt-palmer-ofj7ppg9kci-unsplash-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/62c0e462-matt-palmer-ofj7ppg9kci-unsplash-510x340.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/62c0e462-matt-palmer-ofj7ppg9kci-unsplash.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A dry creek bed in Hartz Mountains, Tasmania, Australia.\n\n<\/figcaption><figcaption><div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Photo by Matt Palmer on Unsplash<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>To have some idea of just how bad things might get, we must look far back in time to see what\u2019s come before. That\u2019s where our <a href=\"https:\/\/hess.copernicus.org\/articles\/28\/1383\/2024\/\">new research<\/a> comes in.<\/p>\n\n<p>We examined computer simulations of Earth\u2019s climate over the past 1,150 years. Worryingly, we found that given enough time, natural variability in Australian rainfall can produce \u201cmega-droughts\u201d lasting 20 years or more. If we add in human-caused climate change, it suggests future droughts will be far worse than we imagined.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-rainfall-records-aren-t-enough\">Rainfall records aren\u2019t enough<\/h2>\n\n<p>To understand the full picture of future droughts, we need historical rainfall data. But in Australia these records only go back to around the year 1900. This doesn\u2019t fully record the huge range of natural rainfall variability over many hundreds of years.<\/p>\n\n<p>To a degree, we can get these long records from features of the environment such as <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/we-found-a-secret-history-of-megadroughts-written-in-tree-rings-the-wheatbelts-future-may-be-drier-than-we-thought-160526\">trees<\/a>, which record information about rainfall changes in their annual growth rings. Unfortunately, these natural \u201carchives\u201d generally only reach back a few hundred years. And they only store information about what\u2019s happened in their local area, not across all of Australia.<\/p>\n\n<p>Scientists need alternative ways of looking back in time \u2013 and that\u2019s what our <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2023-1398\">new research<\/a> set out to do.<\/p>\n\n<p>We used <a href=\"https:\/\/climateextremes.org.au\/climate-modelling\/\">computer models of Earth\u2019s climate<\/a> from the years 850 to 2000 (1,150 years in total) to fill in the picture. The models simulate the interactions of the atmosphere, oceans, ice and land, and so provide a picture of how the climate has changed through time.<\/p>\n\n<p>Because <a href=\"https:\/\/climateextremes.org.au\/what-is-a-climate-model-bias\/\">no single climate model is perfect<\/a>, we used an \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/climateextremes.org.au\/what-is-an-ensemble-of-climate-models\/\">ensemble<\/a>\u201d of 11 different climate models to explore the range of droughts Australia has experienced.<\/p>\n\n<p>First, we looked at the characteristics of Australian droughts due to natural fluctuations in rainfall. Then we compared the simulated droughts during the 20th century with those from the pre-industrial period (before the year 1850). This let us test if human-caused climate change during the past century has caused detectable changes in Australian droughts.<\/p>\n\n<p>We paid particular attention to the Murray-Darling Basin in south-eastern Australia. It contains Australia\u2019s largest river system and is our largest agricultural region, so it\u2019s important to know how bad droughts there could be.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-our-results\">Our results<\/h2>\n\n<p>We found during the 20th century, simulated droughts in southwestern and eastern Australia \u2013 including the Murray-Darling Basin \u2013 were longer on average compared with pre-industrial times.<\/p>\n\n<p>This change is consistent with the <a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2020GL087820\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rainfall trends expected<\/a> in these regions in future due to human-caused climate change. It suggests that an emerging human influence on our climate has already made southern parts of Australia more drought-prone.<\/p>\n\n<p>Other characteristics of simulated Australian droughts, such as their intensity or recurrence, didn\u2019t show marked differences last century compared to pre-industrial times. In other words, human-caused climate change had probably not yet caused Australian droughts to be any drier, or changed how often we are in drought. But this influence could still emerge as climate change worsens.<\/p>\n\n<p>The devastating impacts of Australia\u2019s last major drought from 2017 to 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/climateextremes.org.au\/australias-tinderbox-drought-2017-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">known as the \u201cTinderbox\u201d drought<\/a>, are a stark reminder of what we might expect in future. The drought was likely worsened by human-caused climate change, and preceded the catastrophic Black Summer fires.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-bad-could-australian-droughts-be\">How bad could Australian droughts be?<\/h2>\n\n<p>One of the most concerning findings from our research is that even without the effects of climate change, natural variability can produce \u201cmega-droughts\u201d in Australia lasting 20 years or more. That is far longer than any drought that has been experienced in Australia since instrumental records began.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"791\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/8d501aa5-gp0stufkw.jpg\" title=\"Bushfire in Snowy Mountains, Australia. \u00a9 Kiran Ridley \/ Greenpeace\" alt=\"Bushfire in Snowy Mountains, Australia. \u00a9 Kiran Ridley \/ Greenpeace\" class=\"wp-image-63142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/8d501aa5-gp0stufkw.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/8d501aa5-gp0stufkw-600x396.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/8d501aa5-gp0stufkw-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/8d501aa5-gp0stufkw-768x506.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/8d501aa5-gp0stufkw-510x336.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fire burns both sides of the highway on the outskirts of the small town of Tumbarumba in the Snowy Mountains, NSW. Australia has seen unprecedented bushfires after 2019 was recorded as both the hottest and driest year on record.<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Kiran Ridley \/ Greenpeace<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>Our findings show mega-droughts are possible across the Australian continent. This includes the Murray-Darling Basin where typical droughts last century lasted four to five years. The graphic below shows the worst of these since direct rainfall records began. A 20-year drought would make these extremes seem short-lived.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mega-droughts-are-possible-in-australia\">Mega-droughts <em>are<\/em> possible in Australia<\/h2>\n\n<p>This new research shows mega-droughts in Australia are possible \u2013 even without the influence of climate change. They are a natural part of Australian rainfall variability over the long term. This finding is supported by <a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/2014GL062447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">evidence drawn from ice cores<\/a>, which suggests a 39-year drought gripped eastern Australia around 800 years ago.<\/p>\n\n<p>This is concerning, because climate change is also <a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1029\/2019EF001469\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">increasing the chance<\/a> of reduced rainfall across much of southern Australia.<\/p>\n\n<p>It\u2019s difficult to imagine a drought lasting several decades. But our research suggests it can happen, and future droughts in Australia will be worse than any in our recent historical experience.<\/p>\n\n<p>Our work highlights the need to consider the unthinkable when it comes to preparing for future droughts. This has implications for industry, governments and communities as they adapt to a warmer future.<\/p>\n\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tclass=\"boxout post-61546  sticky-bottom-mobile collapse show\"\n\t\t\tid=\"action-card\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-action=\"Image\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cover-card-overlay\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/petition\/open-letter-oil-exploration-petition\/\" \n\t\t\t><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2023\/10\/11c70947-gp0sttfxw_medium_res-1024x683.jpg\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2023\/10\/11c70947-gp0sttfxw_medium_res-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2023\/10\/11c70947-gp0sttfxw_medium_res-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2023\/10\/11c70947-gp0sttfxw_medium_res-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2023\/10\/11c70947-gp0sttfxw_medium_res-510x340.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2023\/10\/11c70947-gp0sttfxw_medium_res.jpg 1200w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(min-width: 1000px) 358px, (min-width: 780px) 313px, 88px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"An OMV oil rig off the coast of New Zealand\" title=\"An OMV oil rig off the coast of New Zealand\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n            \t\t\t<div class=\"boxout-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"boxout-heading medium\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-action=\"Title\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/petition\/open-letter-oil-exploration-petition\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSay no to new oil exploration\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"boxout-excerpt\">Sign the open letter to the oil industry &#8211; We will resist oil exploration<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t                                    <a\n                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                        data-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n                        data-ga-action=\"Call to Action\"\n                        data-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n                        href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/petition\/open-letter-oil-exploration-petition\/\"\n                        \n                    >\n                        Sign on\n                    <\/a>\n                \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"not-now\"\n\t\t\t\t\trole=\"button\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n\t\t\t\t\thref=\"#action-card\"\n\t\t\t\t><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/georgina-falster-1456425\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Georgina Falster<\/a>, Postdoctoral Fellow, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/australian-national-university-877\">Australian National University<\/a><\/em>; <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/nerilie-abram-293644\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Nerilie Abram<\/a>, Chief Investigator for the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes; Deputy Director for the Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science; Deputy Director for the Centre of Excellence for 21st Century Weather, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/australian-national-university-877\">Australian National University<\/a><\/em>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/nicky-wright-978439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Nicky Wright<\/a>, Research Fellow, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-sydney-841\">University of Sydney<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/a-20-year-mega-drought-in-australia-research-suggests-its-happened-before-and-we-should-expect-it-again-223356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-beige-100-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size\">This article\u00a0is a guest post and doesn&#8217;t necessarily represent the views of Greenpeace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Droughts can have dramatic effects in Australia \u2013 decimating agriculture, threatening water resources and devastating the environment. Much of Australia is drought-prone, and the risk is expected to increase as&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":63142,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_planet4_optimize_post_is_variant":false,"_planet4_optimize_experiment_name":"","_planet4_optimize_variant_name":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[16],"p4-page-type":[6],"class_list":["post-63139","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-greenpeace","tag-climate","p4-page-type-story"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.8 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A 20-year \u2018mega-drought\u2019 in Australia? Research suggests it\u2019s happened before \u2013 and we should expect it\u00a0again<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/australian-mega-drought\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A 20-year \u2018mega-drought\u2019 in Australia? Research suggests it\u2019s happened before \u2013 and we should expect it\u00a0again\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Droughts can have dramatic effects in Australia \u2013 decimating agriculture, threatening water resources and devastating the environment. Much of Australia is drought-prone, and the risk is expected to increase as&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/australian-mega-drought\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Greenpeace Aotearoa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/greenpeace.nz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-04-04T21:54:18+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-05-20T01:30:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/04\/8d501aa5-gp0stufkw.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"791\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Nick Young\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@GreenpeaceNZ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@GreenpeaceNZ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nick Young\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/australian-mega-drought\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/australian-mega-drought\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Nick Young\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/#\/schema\/person\/cd74b3cb7be5f23213b8b83730534221\"},\"headline\":\"A 20-year \u2018mega-drought\u2019 in Australia? 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