{"id":63251,"date":"2024-04-16T06:13:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-15T18:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/?p=63251"},"modified":"2025-05-20T13:30:10","modified_gmt":"2025-05-20T01:30:10","slug":"why-ocean-temeratures-rising-what-means","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/why-ocean-temeratures-rising-what-means\/","title":{"rendered":"The heat is on: what we know about why ocean temperatures keep smashing\u00a0records"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Over the last year, our oceans have been hotter than any time ever recorded. Our instrumental record covers the last 150 years. But based on proxy observations<\/a>, we can say our oceans are now hotter than well before the rise of human civilisation, very likely for at least 100,000 years<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

This isn\u2019t wholly unexpected. Ocean temperatures have been steadily rising due to human-caused global warming, which in turn means record hottest years have become increasingly common. The last time ocean temperature records were broken was 2016 and before that it was 2015. The last year we experienced a record cold year was way back at the start of the 20th century<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

But what is remarkable about the past year is the huge ongoing spike in global ocean temperature which began in April last year. Last year was hotter than the previous record year by a whopping 0.25\u00b0C. In contrast the margins of other previous record years were all less than 0.1\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n

Why? Global warming is the main reason. But it doesn\u2019t explain why the heat spike has been so large. Climate drivers such as El Ni\u00f1o likely play a role, as do the random alignment of certain weather events and possibly the reduction in sulfur emissions from shipping. Researchers around the world are trying to understand what\u2019s going on.<\/p>\n\n

How big is the jump in heat?<\/h2>\n\n

You can see the surge in heat very clearly in the near-global ocean surface temperature data<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

\"dasd\"\/<\/a>
Averaged ocean surface temperatures between 60 degrees south and 60 degrees north of the equator, inspired by ClimateReanalyzer.org. Each coloured line represents the temperature of a single year. Author provided, CC BY<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

The trend is clear to see. Earlier years (in blue) are typically cooler than later years (in red), reflecting the relentless march of global warming. But even with this trend, there are outliers. In 2023 and 2024, you can see a huge jump above previous years.<\/p>\n\n

These record temperatures have been widespread, with the oceans of the southern hemisphere, northern hemisphere and the tropics all reaching record temperatures.<\/p>\n\n

What\u2019s behind the surge?<\/h2>\n\n

We don\u2019t yet have a complete explanation for this record burst of warming. But it\u2019s likely several factors are involved.<\/p>\n\n

First, and most obvious, is global warming. Year on year the ocean is gaining heat<\/a> through the enhanced greenhouse effect \u2013 indeed over 90%<\/a> of the heat associated with human-caused global warming has gone into the oceans.<\/p>\n\n

The extra heat pouring into the oceans results in a gradual rise in temperature, with the trend possibly accelerating<\/a>. But this alone doesn\u2019t explain why we have experienced such a big jump in the last year.<\/p>\n\n

Then there are the natural drivers. The El Ni\u00f1o event developing in June<\/a> last year has certainly played a substantial role.<\/p>\n\n

El Ni\u00f1o and its partner, La Ni\u00f1a, are opposite ends of a natural oscillation, the El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation<\/a>, which plays out in the tropical Pacific ocean. This cycle moves heat vertically between the ocean\u2019s deeper waters and the surface. When El Ni\u00f1o arrives, warmer water comes up to the surface. During La Ni\u00f1a, the opposite occurs.<\/p>\n\n

You can see the impact of an El Ni\u00f1o on short term temperature spikes clearly, even against a backdrop of strong long-term warming.<\/p>\n\n

But even climate change and El Ni\u00f1o combined aren\u2019t enough to explain it.<\/p>\n\n

Other natural heat-transferring oscillations, such as the Indian Ocean Dipole or the North Atlantic Oscillation, may play a role.<\/p>\n\n

It may also be that our successful efforts to cut aerosol pollution<\/a> from the dirty fuel shipping relies on has had an unwanted side effect: more warming<\/a>. With less reflective aerosols in the atmosphere, more of the Sun\u2019s energy can reach the surface.<\/p>\n\n

But there\u2019s probably also a level of random chance. Chaotic weather systems over the ocean can reduce cloud cover, which can let in more solar radiation. Or these weather systems could weaken winds, reducing cooling evaporation.<\/p>\n\n

Why is this important?<\/h2>\n\n

To us, a warmer ocean might feel pleasant. But the extra heat manifests underwater as an unprecedented series of major marine heatwaves. The ocean\u2019s organisms are picky about their preferred temperature range. If the heat spikes too much and for too long, they have to move or die.<\/p>\n\n

Marine heatwaves can lead to mass death or mass migration<\/a> for marine mammals, seabirds, fish and invertebrates. They can cause vital kelp forests and seagrass meadows<\/a> to die, leaving the animals depending on them without shelter or food. And they can disrupt species important for fisheries and tourism.<\/p>\n\n

This year\u2019s heat stress has caused widespread coral bleaching around the world<\/a>. Bleaching has been seen on reefs in the Caribbean<\/a>, Florida, Egypt, and the Great Barrier Reef<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

In the cooler waters of Tasmania, extraordinary conservation efforts have been put in place to try and protect endangered fish species such as the red handfish<\/a> from the heat, while in the Canary Islands, small scale commercial fisheries have popped up for species not normally found<\/a> there.<\/p>\n\n

Last year, Peru\u2019s anchovy fishery \u2013 the country\u2019s largest \u2013 was closed for long periods<\/a>, leading to export losses estimated at A$2.1 billion.<\/p>\n\n

What\u2019s going to happen next?<\/h2>\n\n

Given the record temperatures stem from a combination of human-induced climate change and natural sources, it\u2019s very likely ocean temperatures will drop back to more \u201cnormal\u201d temperatures. Normal now is, of course, much warmer than in previous decades.<\/p>\n\n

In the next few months, forecasts suggest we have a fair chance of heading into another La Ni\u00f1a<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

If this eventuates, we might see slightly cooler temperatures than the new normal, but it\u2019s still too early to know for sure<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

One thing is certain though. As we struggle to rein in greenhouse gas emissions, the steady march of global warming will keep adding more heat to the oceans. And another spike in global ocean warming won\u2019t be too far away.<\/p>\n\n

Alex Sen Gupta<\/a>, Senior Lecturer, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em>; Kathryn Smith<\/a>, Postdoctoral Research Scientist, Marine Biological Association<\/a><\/em>; Matthew England<\/a>, Scientia Professor and Deputy Director of the ARC Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science (ACEAS), UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em>; Neil Holbrook<\/a>, Professor, University of Tasmania<\/a><\/em>; Thomas Wernberg<\/a>, Professor, The University of Western Australia<\/a><\/em>, and Zhi Li<\/a>, Postdoctoral researcher, Centre for Marine Science & Innovation, UNSW Sydney<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n

This article is republished from The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

This article\u00a0is a guest post and doesn’t necessarily represent the views of Greenpeace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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