{"id":64887,"date":"2024-07-26T16:30:27","date_gmt":"2024-07-26T04:30:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/?p=64887"},"modified":"2025-02-05T08:39:06","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T19:39:06","slug":"dark-oxygen-discovered-deep-sea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/dark-oxygen-discovered-deep-sea\/","title":{"rendered":"Dark oxygen discovered in the deep sea spells trouble for seabed mining industry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Scientists have found \u201cdark oxygen\u201d in the deep sea at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Scientists define dark oxygen as oxygen generated without light or photosynthesis. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This staggering deep sea discovery could reveal new data about how life began on Earth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Allowing deep sea mining to proceed would destroy more potential scientific discoveries (and marine life!)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Scientists have found a source of \u2018dark oxygen\u2019 4,000 meters below the surface of the Pacific. Significantly, that is in the target zone for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/what-is-deep-sea-mining\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">deep sea mining<\/a>. The discovery could have far-reaching implications for science and the wannabe deep sea mining industry.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-beige-100-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-651e6f64 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Table of contents<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#WhatIsDarkOxygen\">What is dark oxygen in the deep sea?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#WhyIsDarkOxygenSignificant\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#WhyIsDarkOxygenSignificant\">Why is the dark oxygen discovery significant?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#DarkOxygenAndSeabedMining\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#DarkOxygenAndSeabedMining\">What the dark oxygen discovery means for deep sea mining<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Scientists often claim that we know more about the surface of the moon than about the deep ocean.<\/p>\n\n<p>This new discovery of dark oxygen shows how true that is. It also underlines the need to stop a new deep sea mining industry from targeting its source.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-reset-margin has-beige-100-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3543ed5c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof 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data-form-theme='gravity-theme' data-form-index='0' id='gform_wrapper_10' ><div id='gf_10' class='gform_anchor' tabindex='-1'><\/div>\n                        <div class='gform_heading'>\n                            <h2 class=\"gform_title\">PETITION: Stop deep sea mining<\/h2>\n                            <p class='gform_description'><\/p>\n                        <\/div><form method='post' enctype='multipart\/form-data' target='gform_ajax_frame_10' id='gform_10'  action='\/aotearoa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/64887#gf_10' data-formid='10' novalidate>\n                        <div class='gform-body gform_body'><div id='gform_fields_10' class='gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below validation_below'><div id=\"field_10_57\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-honeypot gform_validation_container field_sublabel_below gfield--has-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><label class='gfield_label gform-field-label' for='input_10_57'>LinkedIn<\/label><div class='ginput_container'><input name='input_57' id='input_10_57' type='text' value='' autocomplete='new-password'\/><\/div><div class='gfield_description' id='gfield_description_10_57'>This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.<\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_10_37\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_37' id='input_10_37' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden'  aria-invalid=\"false\" value='gpnz.oceans.seabedmining.petition' \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_10_39\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_39' id='input_10_39' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden'  aria-invalid=\"false\" value='7018u0000009UQFAA2' \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_10_55\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-html gfield--width-full gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><p style=\"font-size:16px;\">Winston Peters, Minister of Foreign Affairs: I call on you and the New Zealand Government to support a global ban on deep sea mining.<\/p><\/div><div id=\"field_10_48\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-hidden gfield--width-full gform_hidden field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_visible\"  ><div class='ginput_container ginput_container_text'><input name='input_48' id='input_10_48' type='hidden' class='gform_hidden'  aria-invalid=\"false\" value='Re: Deep sea mining' \/><\/div><\/div><div id=\"field_10_11\" 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See how we\u2019ll use your data <a style=\"color:black\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/privacy\/\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/fieldset><div id=\"field_10_53\" class=\"gfield gfield--type-html gfield--width-full gfield_html gfield_html_formatted gfield_no_follows_desc field_sublabel_below gfield--no-description field_description_below field_validation_below gfield_visibility_hidden\"  ><script\nsrc=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/libphonenumber-js@1.9.14\/bundle\/libphonenumber-max.js\"\nintegrity=\"sha256-0XOp1tkx9lc2cnYWuF6CbEULUsgVtaJz38jBd24iveE=\"\ncrossorigin=\"anonymous\"\n><\/script>\n<script src=\"https:\/\/ajax.googleapis.com\/ajax\/libs\/jquery\/3.6.0\/jquery.min.js\"><\/script>\n<\/script>\n<script>\n\n\nvar debug = false;\n\n\/\/ Build array with all URL Params for later use\nvar params = {};\nlocation.search\n    .substr(1)\n    .split(\"&\")\n    .forEach(function (item) {\n        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oxygen?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Scientists define &#8216;dark oxygen&#8217; as oxygen that is produced in the total darkness of the very deep ocean. In this case, at around 4,000 meters below the surface of the Pacific Ocean.<\/p>\n\n<p>It\u2019s previously been thought that oxygen is produced in the sublight on land and at the surface of the ocean. <\/p>\n\n<p>Plants on land are the biggest producers of oxygen, but marine algae and phytoplankton also produce it. These microscopic organisms perform photosynthesis in the ocean, which covers about 70% of the Earth&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n\n<p>Blue-green algae &#8211; or cyanobacteria &#8211; are some of the oldest organisms on Earth and can also produce oxygen. They were among the first to do so through photosynthesis, and they also need sunlight.<\/p>\n\n<p>The common factor in oxygen production is sunlight. That was until the discovery of dark oxygen, which showed that oxygen is also being produced in the deep dark sea.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"WhyIsDarkOxygenSignificant\"><strong>Why is the dark oxygen discovery significant?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>The dark oxygen discovery is being hailed as a groundbreaking scientific discovery, but it also has other implications.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nick Owens, the director of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sams.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener nofollow\">Scottish Association for Marine Science<\/a> (SAMS) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2024\/7\/24\/what-is-dark-oxygen-found-13000-feet-under-the-sea\">says<\/a>: <\/p>\n\n<p>\u201cThe fact that we\u2019ve got another source of oxygen on the planet other than photosynthesis has consequences and implications that are utterly profound.\u201d<\/p>\n\n<p>Andrew Sweetman, who was one of the SAMS scientists involved in the research, says in a video: <\/p>\n\n<p>\u201cThis research potentially sheds light on where life began on the planet. <span style=\"background-color: rgb(225, 190, 231);\">This discovery has shown that, well, maybe there was another source of oxygen a long time ago, and aerobic life or life that breathes oxygen could have persisted before the rise of photosynthesis \u2014 and if it\u2019s happening on our planet, could it be happening on other planets too?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Discovering Dark Oxygen - How oxygen is produced in the deep sea\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uP3RPDTgfa4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<p>But as well as those wider implications, the discovery has significant and immediate implications for the controversial deep sea mining industry which somewhat ironically sponsored the science.<\/p>\n\n<p>Here\u2019s the thing. This dark oxygen, instead of being produced by plants and sunlight, is being produced by strange potato-shaped metallic lumps found on the deep sea floor.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>It turns out that these lumps &#8211; otherwise known as \u2018polymetallic nodules\u2019 &#8211; give off almost as much electricity as AA batteries! By reacting with salt water, their electrical charge is producing oxygen way down there on the seabed of the deep ocean through a process known \u2018seawater electrolysis\u2019 which splits seawater into hydrogen and oxygen.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/b015dc07-gp1swsx3_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"A person holds a manganese nodule in its hand. Polymetallic nodules form on the seafloor,  contain valuable metals and are found in large quantities and can produce dark oxygen. One of the largest deposits of manganese nodules occur in the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the deep ocean between 4000 and 6000 meters.\" class=\"wp-image-64880\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/b015dc07-gp1swsx3_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/b015dc07-gp1swsx3_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-600x401.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/b015dc07-gp1swsx3_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/b015dc07-gp1swsx3_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-510x340.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/b015dc07-gp1swsx3_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Polymetallic nodules form on the seafloor, contain valuable metals and are found in large quantities and can produce dark oxygen. One of the largest deposits of manganese nodules occur in the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the deep ocean.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>So, these little metallic lumps, which the deep sea miners have been calling \u2018batteries in a rock\u2019 actually turned out to be just that. And they\u2019re producing dark oxygen that could play a critical role in the deep ocean ecology.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"DarkOxygenAndSeabedMining\"><strong>What the dark oxygen discovery means for deep sea mining<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>The discovery of metallic nodules producing dark oxygen has been a huge surprise to science, and it could even require a new way of thinking about how life first began on planet Earth.<\/p>\n\n<p>But it could also be the final straw in the case against deep sea mining. It could stop the industry before it begins.<\/p>\n\n<p><span style=\"background-color: rgba(33, 37, 41, 0.2);\">The discovery was made in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), a huge flat area of the seafloor that stretches between Hawaii and Mexico<\/span>, where mining companies like the Metals Company have plans to start harvesting these very same nodules that turn out to be producing all these dark oxygen.<\/p>\n\n<p>These oxygen-producing nodules could support a whole range of known and unknown deep sea lifeforms. Dark oxygen could be a critical factor in the deep sea ecosystem!<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"517\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2021\/04\/45fcf51d-gp1sv2tj_web_size.jpg\" alt=\"The discovery of dark oxygen underlines the risk of allowing deep sea mining to proceed. Greenpeace International activists paint the word 'RISK!' on the starboard side of Normand Energy, a vessel chartered by the Belgian deep sea mining company Global Sea Mineral Resources (GSR).  The Rainbow Warrior is bearing witness to equipment tests carried out by GSR using the Patania II nodule collector, at approximately 4500 metres deep in the Clarion Clipperton Zone. The mining company is aiming to commercially extract minerals from the seabed in the future. \" class=\"wp-image-16240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2021\/04\/45fcf51d-gp1sv2tj_web_size.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2021\/04\/45fcf51d-gp1sv2tj_web_size-600x388.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2021\/04\/45fcf51d-gp1sv2tj_web_size-768x496.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2021\/04\/45fcf51d-gp1sv2tj_web_size-510x330.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Greenpeace International activists paint the word &#8216;RISK!&#8217; on the starboard side of Normand Energy, a vessel chartered by the Belgian deep sea mining company Global Sea Mineral Resources (GSR).  <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>Greenpeace and others have long said that this new extractive mining industry should not be allowed to start in the very deep ocean because the life there is so little understood, and the ecosystems are fragile and potentially vital for the health of the ocean and all life on Earth.<\/p>\n\n<p>This new discovery underlines the point.<\/p>\n\n<p>The timing is good because world governments are meeting in Jamaica right now to decide the fate of this new mining industry. They\u2019ll be deciding whether or not to allow deep sea miners like The Metals Company to go ahead with their plans to drop giant mining robots onto the seafloor to start harvesting these life-sustaining nodules.<\/p>\n\n<p>Greenpeace is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/action-at-sea-against-deep-sea-mining\/\">taking action<\/a> and arguing strongly that deep sea mining should not be allowed to go ahead &#8211; especially now that we know the deep ocean is another source of oxygen that could be vital for the health of the ocean and all of us who depend on it.<\/p>\n\n<p>In the climate and biodiversity crisis, we know that nature, in all its diversity, must be protected.<\/p>\n\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tclass=\"boxout  \"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-action=\"Image\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cover-card-overlay\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/petition.act.greenpeace.org.nz\/oceans-stop-deep-sea-mining?source=actioncallout\" \n\t\t\t><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/cd5f31c4-gp0su1psz_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-1024x683.jpg\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/cd5f31c4-gp0su1psz_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/cd5f31c4-gp0su1psz_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/cd5f31c4-gp0su1psz_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/cd5f31c4-gp0su1psz_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px-510x340.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2024\/07\/cd5f31c4-gp0su1psz_medium-res-with-credit-line-1200px.jpg 1200w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(min-width: 1000px) 358px, (min-width: 780px) 313px, 88px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Greenpeace projects \u2018Stop deep-sea mining\u2019 onto the Lysefjord in southern Norway (east of Stavanger), near the Preikestolen (Preacher&#039;s Chair) rock\" title=\"Greenpeace projects \u2018Stop deep-sea mining\u2019 onto the Lysefjord in southern Norway (east of Stavanger), near the Preikestolen (Preacher&#039;s Chair) rock\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n            \t\t\t<div class=\"boxout-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"boxout-heading medium\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-action=\"Title\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/petition.act.greenpeace.org.nz\/oceans-stop-deep-sea-mining?source=actioncallout\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPETITION: Stop Deep Sea Mining\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"boxout-excerpt\">An emerging new industry could destroy this fragile and unique deep sea environment before we truly understand its importance.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t                                    <a\n                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                        data-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n                        data-ga-action=\"Call to Action\"\n                        data-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n                        href=\"https:\/\/petition.act.greenpeace.org.nz\/oceans-stop-deep-sea-mining?source=actioncallout\"\n                        \n                    >\n                        Add ny name\n                    <\/a>\n                \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientists have found a source of \u2018dark oxygen\u2019 4,000 meters below the surface of the Pacific in the target zone for deep sea mining. The discovery could have far-reaching implications for science and the wannabe deep sea mining industry. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":64880,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_planet4_optimize_post_is_variant":false,"_planet4_optimize_experiment_name":"","_planet4_optimize_variant_name":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[109,25],"p4-page-type":[6],"class_list":["post-64887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-greenpeace","tag-seabed-mining","tag-oceans","p4-page-type-story"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.8 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - 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