{"id":77524,"date":"2026-06-04T16:22:03","date_gmt":"2026-06-04T04:22:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/?p=77524"},"modified":"2026-06-04T16:22:13","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T04:22:13","slug":"the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/","title":{"rendered":"The biggest attack on conservation land in New Zealand\u2019s history"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>How the Luxon government plans to\u00a0gut the Conservation Act and open the door to selling off a staggering five million hectares &#8211; around 60% of all conservation land in Aotearoa.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" title=\"Conservation - share image 2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2-1024x538.jpg\" alt=\"PM Luxon against a beautiful nature background and a FOR SALE banner\" class=\"wp-image-77529\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2-600x315.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2-510x268.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>Our public conservation land is part of who we are. It\u2019s the snow-covered mountains, ancient forests, wild rivers and native birdsong that make Aotearoa unlike anywhere else on Earth. It\u2019s where we go camping, tramping, fishing and hunting.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>It\u2019s the last refuge for our endangered native species that are fighting to survive. And it\u2019s one of our greatest defences against climate breakdown because huge tracts of native forests in the conservation estate store vast amounts of carbon.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>But the Luxon Government is planning a ram raid on our public conservation land.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>They want to gut the Conservation Act and open up a staggering five million hectares &#8211; around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rnz.co.nz\/news\/political\/595012\/opposition-warns-reforms-open-up-conservation-estate-to-sale-as-government-pushes-on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">60% of all conservation land in Aotearoa for sale.\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>This is the biggest attack on conservation land in New Zealand\u2019s history. And it is the darkest and most critical moment in the fight to protect Aotearoa from destructive mining. Because now they are coming for our public conservation land.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>Once our wild places are sold off, dug up, and mined, we can\u2019t get them back.<\/p>\n\n<p>Here is a breakdown of what the Government is proposing with its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.govt.nz\/bill\/government\/2026\/309\/en\/latest\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Conservation Amendment Bill.\u00a0<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-opening-the-door-to-selling-off-60-of-the-conservation-estate-nbsp\">1. Opening the door to selling off 60% of the Conservation Estate&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n<p>Right now, our conservation law is incredibly strict on selling off or exchanging parcels of public conservation land. And that is as it should be.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>The Department of Conservation (DOC) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doc.govt.nz\/globalassets\/documents\/about-doc\/role\/legislation\/regulatory-impact-statement-enabling-more-flexibility-for-land-exchanges-and-disposals.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">can only sell land classed as stewardship land <\/a>and only once it has been thoroughly assessed and found to have <strong>no or very low conservation value<\/strong>. Any land swap must actively <em>enhance<\/em> conservation outcomes.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>The new Bill guts these protections.<\/strong> It expands the types of conservation land that can be sold or swapped and removes the requirement that land must be of &#8220;no or very low\u201d conservation value. It&#8217;s not just stewardship land that could be on the auction block anymore, it&#8217;s Conservation and Forest Parks &#8211; like the Tararua, Whirinaki, and Mount Richmond forest parks. It\u2019s Reserves like Cathedral Cove and even Rangitoto Reserve.<\/p>\n\n<p>It is a staggering <strong>five million hectares<\/strong>\u2014roughly 60% of all public conservation land\u2014that could become eligible for sale or exchange. According to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doc.govt.nz\/globalassets\/documents\/about-doc\/oia\/2026\/conservation-act-amendment-bill-advice\/25-b-0183-further-advice-on-test-for-disposal-of-conservation-land.pdf?utm_source=Media&amp;utm_campaign=33c9956aad-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2026_05_07_02_23&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_term=0_-33c9956aad-338768181\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">DOC\u2019s own analysis<\/a>, under these new rules, the government could sell off:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pristine beech forest in Lewis Pass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ancient podocarp forest on the West Coast<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High-country tussock lands<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>This is part of the Luxon Government&#8217;s coordinated agenda to hand the keys to Aotearoa over to foreign mining giants.<\/p>\n\n<p>They have already brought in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzpam.govt.nz\/nz-industry\/crown-minerals-act-law-changes\/fast-track-approvals-process\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fast-track Act,<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/press-release\/mining-rules-rolled-back-wetlands-and-biodiversity-hotspots-in-the-firing-line\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">opened up precious wetlands <\/a>for extraction, courted a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teaonews.co.nz\/2026\/05\/20\/greenpeace-delivers-petition-to-stop-us-minerals-deal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">war minerals deal <\/a>with the United States, invited mining lobbyists <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/politics\/shane-jones-entertains-critical-minerals-heavyweights-at-parliament-ponders-minimum-prices\/premium\/OFPPSXSR65HNFKQGVZUPGZUTGU\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">into the halls of power<\/a>, and let them <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/press-release\/mining-rules-rolled-back-wetlands-and-biodiversity-hotspots-in-the-firing-line\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rewrite the rules in their favour.<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>Now, they want to turn some of our most sacred wild places into toxic open-cast mines.<\/p>\n\n<p>Selling off our public conservation land to be bulldozed by foreign mining giants would be disastrous for our native wildlife that are already on the brink of extinction. And the climate damage would be enormous. As floods, storms and fires intensify across Aotearoa, razing forests for coal mines would push us further into climate chaos.<\/p>\n\n<p>And while National Parks and other highly protected areas are excluded from sale, the Government still plans to open these places up for commercial exploitation.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-2-rewriting-the-law-from-conservation-to-commercial-exploitation\">2. Rewriting the law: from conservation to commercial exploitation<\/h2>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.doc.govt.nz\/2017\/03\/31\/celebrating-30-years-of-doc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Since 1987, DOC\u2019s primary job has been to protect nature.<\/a> But this Bill<strong>rewrites DOC\u2019s core mandate<\/strong>, forcing the Department to enable commercial exploitation of public conservation land.<\/p>\n\n<p>If the bill passes, DOC will be forced to enable commercial development <em>&#8220;to the greatest extent practicable.&#8221;<\/em> That same commercial exploitation mandate will be hardwired into the purpose of the Conservation Act itself, and forced into the new National Conservation Policy Statement (NCPS) and all regional planning documents.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>Instead of acting as nature&#8217;s defense shield, DOC is being legally repurposed into a commercial exploitation agency. And the entire purpose of the conservation act itself is being shifted away from protection and conservation to commercial exploitation.<\/p>\n\n<p>&#8216;unleashing&#8217; <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-3-unleashing-commercial-exploitation-of-protected-lands\">3. &#8216;Unleashing&#8217; commercial exploitation of protected lands<\/h2>\n\n<p>Tourism and other companies can already operate on conservation land as long as they get permission from DOC, which means that the impacts on wildlife and nature can be minimised. But that\u2019s not enough for the Luxon Government and their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/luxons-war-on-nature-timeline\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">war on nature.\u00a0\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>The government has explicitly stated its intention with this Bill is to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beehive.govt.nz\/release\/unleashing-growth-conservation-land\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cunleash a fresh wave&#8221; <\/a>of commercial permissions (concessions). This could lead to faster approvals for mining and facilitate more intensive development within public conservation land.<\/p>\n\n<p>&nbsp;To make this as easy as possible for corporate interests, the Bill:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Creates &#8220;Exempt&#8221; Activities:<\/strong> The Minister of Conservation can unilaterally decide that certain commercial activities are &#8220;exempt&#8221; or &#8220;pre-approved,&#8221; from needing a concession, bypassing standard environmental safeguards entirely.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Establishes Commercial Exploitation Zones:<\/strong> No one wants to see a Trump Tower on Tongariro or a Macdonalds on Mount Taranaki. But we soon might because under this bill the Minister can create what they call &#8220;visitor amenity areas&#8221;\u00a0 (AKA commercial exploitation zones) on conservation land &#8211; where private hotels, shops, restaurants, gondolas, roads and monorails can be built even in the heart of our most protected wildernesses like National Parks. <br>Shockingly, the Bill allows the Minister to push these zones through even if they completely violate the conservation principles the park was created to protect.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Concentrates power with the Government of the day and strips the public voice: <\/strong>Conservation land is held in trust for the public, so key decisions about it are not always by politicians, but by the Conservation Authority and Conservation Boards which have a wide range of community and iwi members and independent experts.\u00a0<br>The bill strips decision-making powers from these community bodies and hands it to the Minister. It also strips away automatic public hearings. If you want to object to a commercial permission, your right to be heard is gone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-we-saved-our-wild-places-before-we-can-do-it-again\">We saved our wild places before. We can do it again.\u00a0<\/h2>\n\n<p>Public conservation land has been kept safe by generations of New Zealanders who stood up to defend it, and it is now our turn to guard it for those that come after us. We cannot let one Government carve up these historic wild places and sell them off to mining giants so they can turn ancient forests into toxic, open-cast mines.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Luckily, we know how to fight this\u2014because we\u2019ve already won this battle before.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Fifteen years ago, when the previous National Government tried to hand over high-value conservation land to mining interests, they thought we would let them. They were wrong.<\/p>\n\n<p>Tens of thousands of regular New Zealanders stood shoulder-to-shoulder to defend public conservation land. We signed petitions, we lobbied MPs, and we marched by the thousands through the streets until the government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stuff.co.nz\/national\/politics\/3935783\/Government-confirms-mining-backdown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">was forced to back down.<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p>History shows that when enough of us stand together, politicians have no choice but to listen. With an election on the horizon, the government is acutely aware of the power of public backlash.<\/p>\n\n<p>We stopped them then, and by rising up together, we will stop them now.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Sign the petition and tell the Government to keep its hands off our conservation land.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tclass=\"boxout post-77426 \"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-action=\"Image\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cover-card-overlay\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/petition\/petition-hands-off-conservation-land\/\" \n\t\t\t><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsrc=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/05\/f6983aaf-copy-of-conservation-share-image-1-1024x576.jpg\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsrcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/05\/f6983aaf-copy-of-conservation-share-image-1-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/05\/f6983aaf-copy-of-conservation-share-image-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/05\/f6983aaf-copy-of-conservation-share-image-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/05\/f6983aaf-copy-of-conservation-share-image-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/05\/f6983aaf-copy-of-conservation-share-image-1-510x287.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/05\/f6983aaf-copy-of-conservation-share-image-1.jpg 1920w\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tsizes=\"(min-width: 1000px) 358px, (min-width: 780px) 313px, 88px\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\talt=\"Forest with for sale sign and PM head and shoulders\" title=\"Forest with for sale sign and PM head and shoulders\"\n\t\t\t\t\/>\n            \t\t\t<div class=\"boxout-content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"boxout-heading medium\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-action=\"Title\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\thref=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/petition\/petition-hands-off-conservation-land\/\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\tPETITION: Hands off conservation land\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"boxout-excerpt\">Public conservation land belongs to Aotearoa. Tell the Government: our conservation land is not for sale.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t                                    <a\n                        class=\"btn btn-primary\"\n                        data-ga-category=\"Take Action Boxout\"\n                        data-ga-action=\"Call to Action\"\n                        data-ga-label=\"n\/a\"\n                        href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/petition\/petition-hands-off-conservation-land\/\"\n                        \n                    >\n                        Sign the petition\n                    <\/a>\n                \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How the Luxon government plans to\u00a0 gut the Conservation Act and open the door to selling off around 60% of all conservation land.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":77529,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_planet4_optimize_post_is_variant":false,"_planet4_optimize_experiment_name":"","_planet4_optimize_variant_name":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[41,111],"p4-page-type":[6],"class_list":["post-77524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-greenpeace","tag-biodiversity","tag-fast-track-approvals","p4-page-type-story"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.8 (Yoast SEO v26.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The biggest attack on conservation land in New Zealand\u2019s history<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How the Luxon government plans to\u00a0gut the Conservation Act and open the door to selling off a staggering five million hectares - around 60% of all conservation land in Aotearoa.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The biggest attack on conservation land in New Zealand\u2019s history\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How the Luxon government plans to\u00a0gut the Conservation Act and open the door to selling off a staggering five million hectares - around 60% of all conservation land in Aotearoa.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Greenpeace Aotearoa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/greenpeace.nz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-06-04T04:22:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-04T04:22:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Gen Toop\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@GreenpeaceNZ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@GreenpeaceNZ\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Gen Toop\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Gen Toop\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/#\/schema\/person\/db2aef16a3552238ecc27eb3f314094f\"},\"headline\":\"The biggest attack on conservation land in New Zealand\u2019s history\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-04T04:22:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-04T04:22:13+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/\"},\"wordCount\":1247,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Biodiversity\",\"Fast Track\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Greenpeace\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/\",\"name\":\"The biggest attack on conservation land in New Zealand\u2019s history\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/story\/the-biggest-attack-on-conservation-land-in-new-zealands-history\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-aotearoa-stateless\/2026\/06\/c44541d2-conservation-share-image-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-06-04T04:22:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-06-04T04:22:13+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/aotearoa\/#\/schema\/person\/db2aef16a3552238ecc27eb3f314094f\"},\"description\":\"How the Luxon government plans to\u00a0gut the Conservation Act and open the door to selling off a staggering five million hectares - 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