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遙距監察：追蹤亞馬遜非法伐木實況

專題報導 - 2015-09-16
亞馬遜是全球最大的熱帶雨林，孕育無數動物和植物，也是不少原住民的家園。由於雨林木材有價有市，吸引非法伐木者入侵，大肆掠奪珍貴的木材，但巴西政府未有正視。原住民為保家園，自組巡邏隊，惟危機重重，有對抗伐木的原住民領袖被殺。過去兩年，綠色和平深入亞馬遜，調查非法伐木情況，並協助原住民利用遙距監測技術，保障人身安全。

Ka'apor Indians setting up trap cameras in areas used by illegal loggers to invade the indigenous territory. In late August 2015, Ka'apor leaders from the Alto Turiacu Indigenous Land, in the North of Maranhão state, started to integrate the use of technology in their autonomous activities of monitoring and protecting their traditional territory, in partnership with Greenpeace. Among the suggested tools adopted by the Ka'apor people are: more accurate maps; trap cameras aimed to document the invasion of logging trucks; and satellite trackers to monitor the routes of logging trucks in and out of the Alto Turiacu Indigenous land. Photo: Lunae Parracho / Greenpeace

對居於亞馬遜熱帶雨林的Ka'apor族群來說，守護亞馬遜，不只是對抗全球氣候暖化和保護野生動物，更重要是為了生存。且聽Ka'apor一名領袖說：「我們仰賴森林生存，一旦失去森林，我們再也不是Ka'apor。Ka'apor是『森林居民』的意思，所以我們必須捍衛到底。」這番話正正道出Ka'apor與森林密不可分的關係。

可是，近年全球對亞馬遜的木材需求若渴，伐木者窺準機會，非法潛進原住民的家園，砍伐樹木，更利用虛假文件，將非法砍伐得來的木材，加工貼上「合法」的標籤，出口至歐美等市場。

Ka'apor的居住地Alto Turiaçu位於巴西馬拉尼昂州，也是該州碩果僅存的亞馬遜雨林。但過去30年，非法砍伐猖獗，令Ka'apor被迫失去8%的家園，樹林日漸萎縮。

雖然一直以來，原住民已無數次促請當局解決非法砍伐的問題，但巴西政府從未正視，保護雨林的措施少之有少，Ka'apor只好擔起保衛家園的責任。

「自己家園自己救」

自2013年起，Ka'apor領袖們組織「森林保衛隊」巡邏監視雨林四周，搜尋非法砍伐的蛛絲馬跡，唯望以族群之力，遏止非法砍伐樹木。一些Ka'apor家庭，更從村莊遷往伐木者的必經之處，試圖阻擋伐木者前往森林的去路。Ka'apor的勇敢雖有助打擊非法砍伐，但此舉十分危險。

根據當地組織CIMI﹝Indigenous Missionary Council﹞表示，過去4年，4名Ka'apor族人被殺，另有15名領袖遇襲；今年初，1名奮力對抗伐木的領袖，探望兒子回程途中被槍殺，但當地執法機關至今未有撤查。

Ka'apor Indians setting up trap cameras in areas used by illegal loggers to invade the indigenous territory. In late August 2015, Ka'apor leaders from the Alto Turiacu Indigenous Land, in the North of Maranhão state, started to integrate the use of technology in their autonomous activities of monitoring and protecting their traditional territory, in partnership with Greenpeace. Among the suggested tools adopted by the Ka'apor people are: more accurate maps; trap cameras aimed to document the invasion of logging trucks; and satellite trackers to monitor the routes of logging trucks in and out of the Alto Turiacu Indigenous land. Photo: Lunae Parracho / Greenpeace

Ka'apor Indians setting up trap cameras in areas used by illegal loggers to invade the indigenous territory. In late August 2015, Ka'apor leaders from the Alto Turiacu Indigenous Land, in the North of Maranhão state, started to integrate the use of technology in their autonomous activities of monitoring and protecting their traditional territory, in partnership with Greenpeace. Among the suggested tools adopted by the Ka'apor people are: more accurate maps; trap cameras aimed to document the invasion of logging trucks; and satellite trackers to monitor the routes of logging trucks in and out of the Alto Turiacu Indigenous land. Photo: Lunae Parracho / Greenpeace

遙距監察和追蹤

Ka'apor誓死保衛家園和財產，為協助Ka'apor，綠色和平巴西辦公室與Ka'apor領袖合作，研究在森林裡按裝遙距監察系統的技術。上月傳來好消息：他們的研究有成果了！

綠色和平與Ka'apor繪製更準確的地圖，並利用動感和溫度感應器，記錄伐木卡車入侵Ka'apor家園的情況；綠色和平亦向Ka'apor提供電子追蹤儀器，協助Ka'apor監測這些卡車的去向。

新的遙距監測技術均讓Ka'apor抵禦伐木活動時更安全，並可提供以往搜集不到的情報；另一重要是，由於取證較以往實質和充份，有助Ka'apor揭露非法伐木如何泛濫時，更有力向巴西政府施壓，迫使巴西政府採取行動。

雙管齊下，保護亞馬遜的未來

然而，要長遠有效遏止非法砍伐樹木，巴西政府責無旁貸，必須堵塞漏洞，防止非法伐木者將非法木材，喬裝合法木材出售，並要全面保護所有原住民的土地和家園。另一方面，木材買家在購買來自亞馬遜的樹木時，應小心審視文件，確保購買的木材，並非走私自原住民的家園。巴西政府嚴厲打擊，以及封鎖非法木材的出路，才能保護亞馬遜的生態，並讓Ka'apor安居樂業。

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