You probably know that climate change is melting Arctic ice with astonishing speed. And while some hear a warning bell, others see a business opportunity. As Arctic ice disappears, oil companies and fishing fleets are moving further north than ever before, keen to exploit the unexplored ocean opening up at the top of the world.
All rights reserved. Image Credit: Eve Lloyd Knight
You probably also know how wrong it is to take advantage of melting ice to drill for more of the stuff that caused the problem in the first place. But did you know that industrial fishing presents its own set of risks?
Here are some of the lesser-known ways destructive fishing fleets threaten the Arctic Ocean:
1. Bottom trawling
Bottom trawlers are a kind of heavy fishing gear that gets dragged along the seabed, smashing up creatures like sea pens, soft corals and basket stars. Greenpeace has documented an increasing number of bottom trawlers in the sensitive waters around Svalbard in the Norwegian Arctic. When bottom trawling happens in a pristine and largely undiscovered ecosystem, the consequences can be deadly: unknown species could be lost forever, with only a trail of destruction left behind.
2. Bycatch
Many Arctic fish live near the seabed, so when bottom trawlers hunt for cod or haddock, they scoop up everything in their path, including other species that are then needlessly caught and killed. One example is the mysterious Greenland shark, a slow and mostly blind creature that grows only a centimeter a year. Currently classified as ‘near threatened,’ this unique animal must not be lost as a side effect of industrial fishing.
3. Plastic pollution
Fishing vessels throw a lot of debris into the oceans, especially plastic. Old nets, lines and traps are dumped overboard when they can’t use them anymore - with untold impacts on marine life. In the summer of 2014, there were two incidents of polar bears becoming entangled in plastic fishing gear on the coast of Svalbard. Luckily they were freed, but tens of thousands of nets are thought to have been discarded in these fragile waters in the last few years.
4. Noise pollution
More industrial fishing also means more underwater noise. The noise of fishing vessels, amplified underwater, can deeply affect marine mammals. Species like narwhals and beluga whales use sound to communicate and sense the world around them - to find food, or sound the alarm. But noise pollution can disrupt their normal behaviour, and force them to flee to quieter areas. What’s more, chronic noise pollution can make it difficult for these near threatened mammals to breed.
5. Interconnected ecosystems
We know the web of life is all interconnected, but not much has been researched into how land and water ecosystems affect each other in the Arctic. What we do know though is that they are very interdependent. To cite just one example, bottom trawling crushes the soft species on the seabed like clams and worms. That means there’s less food available for walruses, which eat those clams. At the same time, walruses are already suffering the loss of sea ice that causes them to crowd on land, risking deadly stampedes. Adding the impact of industrial fishing into the already stressed Arctic ecosystem could be devastating.
You can act now. Tell the Norwegian government to protect the pristine Arctic ecosystem around Svalbard from destructive fishing.
Emily Buchanan is a creative producer for Greenpeace UK.
This blog was originally posted by Greenpeace UK.