{"id":13175,"date":"2021-03-25T14:44:11","date_gmt":"2021-03-25T13:44:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/?p=13175"},"modified":"2021-03-26T09:09:39","modified_gmt":"2021-03-26T08:09:39","slug":"byla-letosni-zima-normalni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/clanek\/13175\/byla-letosni-zima-normalni\/","title":{"rendered":"Byla leto\u0161n\u00ed zima norm\u00e1ln\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Zima 2020\/2021 p\u0159inesla po del\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00ed obdob\u00ed celodenn\u00edch mraz\u016f a v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky do n\u00ed\u017ein, co\u017e v&nbsp;p\u0159edchoz\u00edch zim\u00e1ch nebylo tak obvykl\u00e9. Mezi ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed tak p\u0159evl\u00e1dl pocit, \u017ee leto\u0161n\u00ed zima byla norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, nebo se norm\u00e1lu alespo\u0148 p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eila. Jak to ale ve skute\u010dnosti bylo pohledem klimatologie?<\/p>\n\n<p>Jako celek skon\u010dila s&nbsp;kladnou odchylkou +1,2 \u00b0C (v\u016f\u010di dlouhodob\u00e9mu pr\u016fm\u011bru 1981-2010), sr\u00e1\u017eek spadlo v&nbsp;\u010cesku o 11 procent m\u00e9n\u011b a slunce sv\u00edtilo o 13 procent m\u00e9n\u011b ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s&nbsp;dlouhodob\u00fdm norm\u00e1lem. Jde o hodnoty, kter\u00e9 se tedy bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed onomu pojmu norm\u00e1ln\u00ed, i kdy\u017e teplotn\u011b jde sp\u00ed\u0161 o m\u00edrn\u011b nadnorm\u00e1ln\u00ed sez\u00f3nu. A nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;pra\u017esk\u00e9m Klementinu, tedy stanici, kter\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159\u00ed nejd\u00e9le a souvisle teplotu na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky, se uplynul\u00e1 zima zapsala na 31. a\u017e 32. m\u00edsto (z 245 zim).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>Na kladn\u00e9 sez\u00f3nn\u00ed odchylce se zapsal p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prosinec, kter\u00fd se za\u0159adil mezi 10 nejteplej\u0161\u00edch prosinc\u016f za posledn\u00edch 60 let. A mimochodem pr\u00e1v\u011b 23. prosinec byl i nejteplej\u0161\u00edm dnem (z pohledu pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 denn\u00ed teploty za cel\u00e9 \u010cesko) v&nbsp;r\u00e1mci meteorologick\u00e9 zimy (prosinec a\u017e \u00fanor). Leden u\u017e skon\u010dil jako teplotn\u011b pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd, i kdy\u017e st\u00e1le t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 s&nbsp;1stup\u0148ovou kladnou odchylkou. Nejv\u00edc zimn\u00ed n\u00e1lady z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159inesl \u00fanor, kdy jsme nam\u011b\u0159ili jednak nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teploty za zimu (14. \u00fanora na stanici Jelen\u00ed, u mostu kleslo minimum na -32,7 \u00b0C), tak i nejchladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed den, kter\u00fdm se stal 12. \u00fanor s&nbsp;celorepublikov\u00fdm denn\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brem pod -10 \u00b0C. Paradoxn\u011b ale pr\u00e1v\u011b \u00fanor p\u0159inesl i nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplotu z&nbsp;cel\u00e9 zimy \u2013 25. \u00fanora ve Vidnav\u011b na Jesenicku nam\u011b\u0159ili a\u017e 20,7 \u00b0C. \u00danor tak nakonec skon\u010dil jako m\u011bs\u00edc naprosto pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00fd \u2013 mraziv\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed z&nbsp;prvn\u00ed poloviny m\u011bs\u00edce vykompenzovaly velmi tepl\u00e9 dny v&nbsp;posledn\u00ed \u00fanorov\u00e9 dek\u00e1d\u011b. \u00danor byl zaj\u00edmav\u00fd i z&nbsp;hlediska sn\u011bhu. Z&nbsp;ned\u011ble 7. na pond\u011bl\u00ed 8. \u00fanora na v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m front\u00e1ln\u00edm rozhran\u00ed napadlo na v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed \u010ceska v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sn\u011bhu, a to i v&nbsp;n\u00ed\u017ein\u00e1ch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;Praze a Polab\u00ed i p\u0159es 15 centimetr\u016f sn\u011bhu. D\u00edky tomu se leto\u0161n\u00ed zima zapsala do pam\u011bti mnoh\u00fdch lid\u00ed jako bohat\u00e1 na sn\u00edh. Jen\u017ee t\u0159eba na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b, ale i na \u0160umav\u011b, toho sn\u011bhu zase a\u017e tak moc nenapadlo \u2013 v&nbsp;Brn\u011b \u0161lo kumulativn\u011b jen o 40 procent dlouhodob\u00e9ho pr\u016fm\u011bru.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large caption-style-medium caption-alignment-center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"941\" height=\"669\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/2a083cac-picture-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/2a083cac-picture-1.jpg 941w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/2a083cac-picture-1-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/2a083cac-picture-1-768x546.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/2a083cac-picture-1-478x340.jpg 478w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 941px) 100vw, 941px\" \/><figcaption><em>Sn\u011bhov\u00e1 pokr\u00fdvka na za\u010d\u00e1tku druh\u00e9 \u00fanorov\u00e9 dek\u00e1dy 2021 pokr\u00fdvala v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010ceska s&nbsp;v\u00fdjimkou jihu Moravy (zdroj: \u010cHM\u00da)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>Na pr\u016fb\u011bh leto\u0161n\u00ed zimy, hlavn\u011b jej\u00ed druh\u00e9 poloviny, m\u011bl vliv i tzv. (cirkum)pol\u00e1rn\u00ed stratosf\u00e9rick\u00fd v\u00edr, resp. jeho zhroucen\u00ed vlivem n\u00e1hl\u00e9ho stratosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho oteplen\u00ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem ledna. Jde o situaci, kdy se v&nbsp;pol\u00e1rn\u00edch oblastech ve v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch kolem 30 km zm\u011bn\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed ze z\u00e1padn\u00edho (obvykl\u00e9ho) na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed, co\u017e je doprov\u00e1zeno v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm vzestupem teploty. N\u00e1sledn\u011b pak m\u016f\u017ee tato ud\u00e1lost v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnit i proud\u011bn\u00ed v&nbsp;troposf\u00e9\u0159e (ve spodn\u00edch cca 7 a\u017e 12 km atmosf\u00e9ry), kde vede k&nbsp;negativn\u00ed f\u00e1zi tzv. arktick\u00e9 oscilace. Tedy situaci, kdy je v&nbsp;pol\u00e1rn\u00edch oblastech vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak vzduchu ne\u017e obvykle, co\u017e znamen\u00e1&nbsp;zeslaben\u00ed cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00edho v\u00edru v&nbsp;troposf\u00e9\u0159e a umo\u017e\u0148uje pronik\u00e1n\u00ed studen\u00e9ho vzduchu do m\u00edrn\u00fdch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek, kde je pak p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou teplotn\u011b podpr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed. Letos se to projevilo pr\u00e1v\u011b na vln\u011b mraz\u016f v&nbsp;\u00fanoru v (nejen st\u0159edn\u00ed) Evrop\u011b. Je ale pravda, \u017ee evropsk\u00e1 vlna studen\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed pon\u011bkud bledne p\u0159ed intenzitou vlny mraz\u016f, kter\u00e1 v&nbsp;polovin\u011b \u00fanora zas\u00e1hla jih Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f americk\u00fdch. Hlavn\u011b v&nbsp;Texasu, Oklahom\u011b a Kansasu padaly teplotn\u00ed rekordy, a to nejen denn\u00ed, ale i \u00fanorov\u00e9. Teploty byly a\u017e o 25 \u00b0C ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s&nbsp;dlouhodob\u00fdmi pr\u016fm\u011bry. Naproti tomu ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii za\u017eili rekordn\u011b tepl\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br zimy, kdy v&nbsp;Pekingu nam\u011b\u0159ili 21. \u00fanora 25,6 \u00b0C (letn\u00ed den o 3 t\u00fddny d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e dosavadn\u00ed rekord) a nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00fanorovou teplotu zaznamenali i v&nbsp;Koreji (24,9 \u00b0C).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large caption-style-medium caption-alignment-center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/62ea9f0f-picture-2.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13177\"\/><figcaption>Odchylka teploty vzduchu nad Evropou v&nbsp;hladin\u011b 850 hPa (cca 1,5 km v\u00fd\u0161ky) za obdob\u00ed od 5. do 15 \u00fanora 2021 (zdroj:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/psl.noaa.gov\/\">https:\/\/psl.noaa.gov<\/a>)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large caption-style-medium caption-alignment-center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"598\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/eeffde15-picture-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/eeffde15-picture-3.jpg 598w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/eeffde15-picture-3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-czech-republic-stateless\/2021\/03\/eeffde15-picture-3-454x340.jpg 454w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 598px) 100vw, 598px\" \/><figcaption>Odchylka nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed denn\u00ed teploty v&nbsp;pond\u011bl\u00ed 15. \u00fanora v&nbsp;kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti USA, odchylka 50 \u00b0F znamen\u00e1 cca 29 \u00b0C (zdroj: NOAA)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Z\u00e1znam webin\u00e1\u0159e<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<lite-youtube style=\"background-image: url('https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/5wzVMYMs7sQ\/hqdefault.jpg');\" videoid=\"5wzVMYMs7sQ\" params=\"rel=0\"><\/lite-youtube>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zima 2020\/2021 p\u0159inesla po del\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b d\u00e9letrvaj\u00edc\u00ed obdob\u00ed celodenn\u00edch mraz\u016f a v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sn\u011bhov\u00e9 pokr\u00fdvky do n\u00ed\u017ein, co\u017e v&nbsp;p\u0159edchoz\u00edch zim\u00e1ch nebylo tak obvykl\u00e9. Mezi ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed tak p\u0159evl\u00e1dl pocit, \u017ee leto\u0161n\u00ed zima&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":13253,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"not set","p4_local_project":"not set","p4_basket_name":"not set","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[36],"p4-page-type":[16],"class_list":["post-13175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vzdelavani","tag-akademie-greenpeace","p4-page-type-clanek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/31"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13175"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13255,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13175\/revisions\/13255"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13253"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13175"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=13175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}