{"id":13672,"date":"2021-05-04T13:18:31","date_gmt":"2021-05-04T12:18:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/?p=13672"},"modified":"2021-12-01T13:30:40","modified_gmt":"2021-12-01T12:30:40","slug":"arktidu-ohrozovaly-nebezpecne-chemikalie-v-cele-s-ddt-nyni-celi-tezbe-ropy-a-rybolovu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/clanek\/13672\/arktidu-ohrozovaly-nebezpecne-chemikalie-v-cele-s-ddt-nyni-celi-tezbe-ropy-a-rybolovu\/","title":{"rendered":"Arktidu ohro\u017eovaly nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie v \u010dele s DDT. Nyn\u00ed \u010del\u00ed t\u011b\u017eb\u011b ropy a rybolovu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Arktida byla a st\u00e1le je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za oblast m\u00e1lo dot\u010denou lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed, za oblast s paneskou p\u0159\u00edrodou. Na konci 80. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee v kojeneck\u00e9m ml\u00e9ce Inuitek  – p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatelek  Arktidy – jsou a\u017e dvacetkr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hladiny nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek – persistentn\u00edch organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f, ne\u017e v ml\u00e9ce matek kdekoliv jinde na sv\u011bt\u011b. Jak je to mo\u017en\u00e9, kdy\u017e nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed zdroje zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed jsou tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f vzd\u00e1len\u00e9?<\/p>\n\n

Greenpeace v\u011bnovalo nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm chemick\u00fdm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m zna\u010dnou pozornost ji\u017e od konce sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Na trh byly v t\u00e9 dob\u011b\u00a0 uv\u00e1d\u011bny tis\u00edce nov\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, o jejich\u017e nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch vlastnostech v\u00fdrobci ml\u010deli, nebo je ani nezkoumali. Klasick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem byl dichlor-difenyl-trichlorethan, kter\u00fd se nechvaln\u011b proslavil pod zkratkou DDT. Tato l\u00e1tka byla jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch modern\u00edch syntetick\u00fdch insekticid\u016f, kter\u00fd byl vyvinut ve 40. letech 20. stolet\u00ed. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku byl pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n k eliminaci hmyzem p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch chorob, jako je mal\u00e1rie, a pozd\u011bji pro huben\u00ed hmyzu v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b, v dom\u00e1cnostech, zahrad\u00e1ch i pro odv\u0161ivov\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch mazl\u00ed\u010dk\u016f. <\/p>\n\n

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Vesnice Inuit\u016f v Gr\u00f3nsku.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

A\u017e rok 1962 a vyd\u00e1n\u00ed knihy Tich\u00e9 jaro od Rachel Carson, kter\u00e1 popsala fat\u00e1ln\u00ed dopady DDT na populace sokol\u016f \u010di orl\u016f otev\u0159elo mnoh\u00fdm o\u010di. Za\u010dala tak dlouh\u00e1 cesta k eliminaci perzistentn\u00edch organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na dvan\u00e1ct v\u016fbec nejnebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek – tzv. \u201ctucet \u0161pinavc\u016f\u201d. \u0160lo p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b o pesticidy (aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordan, mirex, toxafen), pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 chemik\u00e1lie (hexachlorbenzen a polychlorovan\u00e9 bifenyly \u2013 PCB) a dioxiny (polychlorovan\u00e9 dibenzodioxiny a dibenzofurany \u2013 PCDD\/F), kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed jen jako ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed vedlej\u0161\u00ed produkt n\u011bkter\u00fdch technologi\u00ed (spalov\u00e1n\u00ed odpad\u016f, metalurgie, v\u00fdroba chloru a chlorovan\u00fdch chemik\u00e1li\u00ed).\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

Persistentn\u00ed organick\u00e9 polutanty jsou charakteristick\u00e9 nejen t\u00edm, \u017ee jsou nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9, jedovat\u00e9 \u010di naru\u0161uj\u00ed funkci hormon\u00e1ln\u00edho syst\u00e9mu jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b DDT, ale jsou tak\u00e9 velmi odoln\u00e9 – v \u017eivotn\u00edm v prost\u0159ed\u00ed vydr\u017e\u00ed des\u00edtky let. Kdy\u017e nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010desk\u00e1 pobo\u010dka Greenpeace v roce 2011 v r\u00e1mci Detox Labe tour odeb\u00edrala vzorky vody sediment\u016f v Labi, na\u0161la nejen DDT, ale i stotis\u00edckr\u00e1t p\u0159ekro\u010denou koncentraci y pro hexachlorbenzen, co\u017e je l\u00e1tka na \u010desk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed zak\u00e1zan\u00e1 u\u017e v roce 1974.\u00a0 Nav\u00edc maj\u00ed tyto \u0161kodliviny schopnost bioakumulace, tedy hromad\u011bn\u00ed v \u017eiv\u00fdch organismech, kter\u00e9 je zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00ed bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo z okoln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m \u017eij\u00ed, nebo nep\u0159\u00edmo ze sv\u00e9 stravy.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

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Testov\u00e1n\u00ed vzork\u016f vody pobl\u00ed\u017e souostrov\u00ed Svalbard (\u0160picberky)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

V roce 1999 organizace Greenpeace vydala p\u0159elomovou studii Tip of The Iceberg<\/a> (\u0160pi\u010dka ledovce), ve kter\u00e9 upozornila krom\u011b jin\u00e9ho na dal\u0161\u00ed neblahou vlastnost persistentn\u00edch organick\u00fdch polutant\u016f – jejich schopnost d\u00e1lkov\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu. Tyto l\u00e1tky maj\u00ed potenci\u00e1l  cestovat od p\u016fvodn\u00edho zdroje do oblast\u00ed vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch stovky a\u017e tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f, kde se nikdy nevyr\u00e1b\u011bly a nepou\u017e\u00edvaly, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 Arktida. Pouk\u00e1zali jsme na to, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b Arktida je kone\u010dnou zast\u00e1vkou pro putov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159ady nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch chemik\u00e1li\u00ed jako jsou dioxiny \u010di polychlorovan\u00e9 bifenyly. Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z jin\u00fdch konc\u016f sv\u011bta na Arktidu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00edtr a mo\u0159e. Kv\u016fli n\u00edzk\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m se zde zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tky nerozlo\u017e\u00ed a z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ve vod\u011b. Vst\u0159eb\u00e1vaj\u00ed se do tukov\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b ryb, tule\u0148\u016f \u010di pol\u00e1rn\u00edch medv\u011bd\u016f. Nav\u00edc u vrcholov\u00fdch pred\u00e1tor\u016f doch\u00e1z\u00ed k bioakumulaci t\u011bchto nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tito \u017eivo\u010dichov\u00e9 jsou nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku m\u00edstn\u00edch lid\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se stravou dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do t\u011bla Inuit\u016f, jsou syntetick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny chloru a n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich jsou neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b toxick\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad miliontina gramu dioxinu zabije mor\u010de. Z t\u011bl Inuitek se tyto nebepe\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed i do mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho ml\u00e9ka a n\u00e1sledn\u011b i do t\u011bl\u00ed\u010dek novorozenc\u016f.  <\/p>\n\n

Smutn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o tom, jak nic netu\u0161\u00edc\u00edm Inuit\u016fm beztrestn\u011b pos\u00edlaj\u00ed chemick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f smrt\u00edc\u00ed d\u00e1rek m\u00e1 ale i sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed momenty. Studie Greenpeace m\u011bla krom\u011b p\u0159ipout\u00e1n\u00ed pozornosti k t\u00e9matu i jasn\u00fd c\u00edl: celosv\u011btov\u011b omezit ty nejv\u00edce nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a nahradit je bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativou. Studie vy\u0161la t\u011bsn\u011b p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e se za\u010dala vyjedn\u00e1vat \u00damluva OSN o persistentn\u00edch organick\u00fdch polutantech a p\u0159isp\u011bla velkou m\u011brou k tomu, \u017ee v roce 2001 byla podeps\u00e1na tzv. Stockholmsk\u00e1 \u00famluva o persistentn\u00edch organick\u00fdch polutantech, pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dohoda, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je eliminace vybran\u00fdch persistentn\u00edch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. P\u016fvodn\u011b se vztahovala na zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd \u201etucet \u0161pinavc\u016f\u201c, pozd\u011bji byly na seznam \u00famluvy p\u0159id\u00e1ny dal\u0161\u00ed. Dnes tak reguluje 23 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek nebo jejich skupin.<\/p>\n\n

\n
P\u0159idejte se ke kampani za z\u00e1chranu Arktidy<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

Ty nejhor\u0161\u00ed toxick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky u\u017e Arktidu neohro\u017euj\u00ed. Ale p\u0159esto nyn\u00ed \u010del\u00ed velk\u00fdm hrozb\u00e1m, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m klimatu, t\u011b\u017eb\u011b ropy a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9mu rybolovu. M\u00e1me ale mo\u017enost Arktid\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b uleh\u010dit a zav\u00e9st zde oce\u00e1nsk\u00e9 rezervace, podobn\u011b jako na 30 % v\u0161ech voln\u00fdch mo\u0159\u00ed. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\tZachra\u0148me oce\u00e1ny!\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Je \u010das vybudovat oce\u00e1nsk\u00e9 rezervace a d\u00e1t nad\u011bji na\u0161im oce\u00e1n\u016fm a \u017eivotu v nich. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t \n Jdu do toho\n <\/a>\n \t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arktida byla a st\u00e1le je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za oblast m\u00e1lo dot\u010denou lidskou \u010dinnost\u00ed, za oblast s paneskou p\u0159\u00edrodou. Na konci 80. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee v kojeneck\u00e9m ml\u00e9ce…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":13673,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"not set","p4_local_project":"not set","p4_basket_name":"not set","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[18,23],"p4-page-type":[16],"class_list":["post-13672","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-priroda","tag-oceany","tag-bez-chemie","p4-page-type-clanek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13672","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13672"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13672\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15397,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13672\/revisions\/15397"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13673"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13672"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13672"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13672"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=13672"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}