{"id":15043,"date":"2021-10-22T10:42:12","date_gmt":"2021-10-22T09:42:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/?p=15043"},"modified":"2021-10-24T22:30:53","modified_gmt":"2021-10-24T21:30:53","slug":"proc-elektrina-zdrazuje-a-jak-vznika-jeji-cena-zname-odpoved-na-palcive-otazky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/clanek\/15043\/proc-elektrina-zdrazuje-a-jak-vznika-jeji-cena-zname-odpoved-na-palcive-otazky\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d elekt\u0159ina zdra\u017euje a jak vznik\u00e1 jej\u00ed cena? Zn\u00e1me odpov\u011b\u010f na pal\u010div\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ceny energi\u00ed let\u00ed nahoru a u\u017e kv\u016fli tomu krachuj\u00ed nezodpov\u011bdn\u00ed dodavatel\u00e9 energi\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli nasmlouv\u00e1n dostatek dod\u00e1vek pro sv\u00e9 z\u00e1kazn\u00edky. Co m\u016f\u017ee za sou\u010dasnou krizi? A jak vlastn\u011b vznik\u00e1 cena elekt\u0159iny? T\u00edm se zab\u00fdval webin\u00e1\u0159 Akademie Greenpeace, ve kter\u00e9m m\u011bl p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ku vedouc\u00ed energetick\u00e9 kampan\u011b Greenpeace \u010cR Jan Rovensk\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n

\n<\/lite-youtube>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n

Sou\u010dasn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj na energetick\u00e9m trhu je bezprecedentn\u00ed a drastick\u00fd. Cel\u00fd minul\u00fd rok se ceny silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny na spotov\u00e9m trhu (okam\u017eit\u00fd trh s cenami elekt\u0159iny na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hodinu – tedy cenami elekt\u0159iny v tom dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku) dr\u017eely v\u00edce m\u00e9n\u011b na stejn\u00e9 \u00farovni, jen n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t p\u0159ekonaly hranici 50 eur\/MWh, v letn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch byly naopak z\u00e1porn\u00e9. V roce 2021 je pak zdra\u017een\u00ed podle graf\u016f evidentn\u00ed, p\u0159ed \u010dasem pak cena vyl\u00e9tla p\u0159es rekordn\u00edch 300 eur\/MWh.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee cena silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny pro \u010ceskou republiku vznik\u00e1 na burze v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m Lipsku, tak\u017ee jak\u00e9koli kroky, kter\u00e9 v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice ud\u011bl\u00e1me, \u010di energetick\u00fd mix, kter\u00fd si zvol\u00edme, nem\u00e1 na cenu elekt\u0159iny pro spot\u0159ebitele v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vliv. <\/p>\n\n

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Situace na spotov\u00e9m trhu. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika m\u00e1 stejn\u00e9 ceny elekt\u0159iny jako N\u011bmecko. V\u0161imn\u011bte si, \u017ee v Norsku a \u0160v\u00e9dsku, kde je dost elekt\u0159iny z obnoviteln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, m\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed cenu silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Krom\u011b spotov\u00e9ho trhu existuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dv\u011b mo\u017enosti, jak se d\u00e1 elekt\u0159ina nakupovat a v\u0161echny maj\u00ed trochu jin\u00e9 parametry. Tzv. forwardy umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed nakupovat elekt\u0159inu dop\u0159edu. M\u016f\u017eete si koupit elekt\u0159inu na rok dop\u0159edu, na t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce dop\u0159edu. Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed forwardy na rok 2022 u\u017e tak dramatick\u00e9 jako spotov\u00e9 ceny nejsou. V lednu je ta cena 193 euro a v \u00fanoru kles\u00e1 na 92 euro, tedy na polovinu, v l\u00e9t\u011b kles\u00e1 zp\u011bt k 60 eur\u016fm. Tyto ceny ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee krize, kterou te\u010f za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me, patrn\u011b nebude m\u00edt dlouh\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed, na absurdn\u011b vysok\u00fdch cen\u00e1ch elekt\u0159iny se trh neudr\u017e\u00ed a cena silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny op\u011bt klesne. Ot\u00e1zkou tak bude, zda se vysok\u00e9 ceny nevr\u00e1t\u00ed zas na podzim 2022.<\/p>\n\n

T\u0159et\u00ed typ produkt\u016f, kter\u00e9 se obchoduj\u00ed, jsou p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 kontrakty. Dodavatel m\u00e1 smlouvu s konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm v\u00fdrobcem na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed objem elektrick\u00e9 energie. Objem t\u011bchto transakc\u00ed je na trhu pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fd a je to jedna z v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 trh stabilizuje a vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdkyvy v cen\u011b. I d\u00edky tomuto tr\u017en\u00edmu mechanismu, se mnoh\u00fdm lidem do ceny elekt\u0159iny sou\u010dasn\u00e9 obrovsk\u00e9 zdra\u017een\u00ed silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny do slo\u017eenek nepropisuje, proto\u017ee maj\u00ed kontrakty na dlouhou dobu dop\u0159edu a cenu zafixovanou.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Elekt\u0159ina na liberalizovan\u00e9m neregulovan\u00e9m trhu te\u010de od v\u00fdrobc\u016f k provozovateli p\u0159enosov\u00e9 soustavy, pak po dr\u00e1tech putuje k distributorovi, kter\u00fd ji dod\u00e1v\u00e1 k po dr\u00e1tech „posledn\u00ed m\u00edle“ v\u00e1m domu – ke spot\u0159ebiteli. Vy ov\u0161em neplat\u00edte ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z nich, ale subjektu, kter\u00fd v p\u0159enosov\u00e9 soustav\u011b v\u016fbec nefiguruje – k dodavateli – tomu pos\u00edl\u00e1te v\u0161echny pen\u00edze a v\u0161echny z\u00e1lohy na elekt\u0159inu. Dodavatel, kter\u00fd ov\u0161em nevlastn\u00ed ani metr dr\u00e1tu, pak pen\u00edze roz\u00fa\u010dtuje a zaplat\u00ed v\u0161em z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdm akt\u00e9r\u016fm. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pen\u011bz jde v\u00fdrobci, skoro stejn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed se ale plat\u00ed distributorovi. Pen\u00edze tak nete\u010dou po stejn\u00e9 cest\u011b jako elekt\u0159ina, ale maj\u00ed tu strukturu paraleln\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Jak\u00e9 jsou provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f? Nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou obnoviteln\u00e9 zdroje – v\u00edtr a slunce. Nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed je v na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch zemn\u00ed plyn, kter\u00fd nyn\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zdra\u017eil. Po\u0159ad\u00ed nen\u00ed pevn\u011b dan\u00e9, provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady se mohou li\u0161it. Na tomto obr\u00e1zku ur\u010duje cenu elekt\u0159iny \u010dern\u00e9 uhl\u00ed.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Cena elekt\u0159iny na burze souvis\u00ed s t\u00edm, jak\u00e9 jsou opera\u010dn\u00ed provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady (OPEX) r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f elekt\u0159iny. Naopak se do n\u00ed v\u016fbec nepo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed kapit\u00e1lov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady (CAPEX) – to je cena, za n\u00ed\u017e byl zdroj postaven, kter\u00e1 se pak prom\u00edt\u00e1 do odpis\u016f. Provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady se d\u011bl\u00ed na t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017eky – n\u00e1klady na palivo (uhl\u00ed, plyn, mazut, jadern\u00e9 palivo), fixn\u00ed provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady (platy atd.) a nov\u011b emisn\u00ed povolenka. <\/p>\n\n

V ka\u017ed\u00e9m okam\u017eiku existuje n\u011bjak\u00e1 spot\u0159eba, kterou vy\u017eaduj\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edci. U elekt\u0159iny je spot\u0159eba extr\u00e9mn\u011b neelastick\u00e1 – mus\u00edte dodat stejn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed elekt\u0159iny, kolik cht\u011bj\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edci spot\u0159ebovat. Kdy\u017e budete dod\u00e1vat v\u00fdrazn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b \u010di v\u00edce, p\u0159enosov\u00e1 soustava se zhrout\u00ed. Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed zdroje jsou schopn\u00e9 vyrobit elekt\u0159inu za konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed cenu. Tzv. merit order ur\u010duje, kter\u00e9 zdroje elekt\u0159iny budou v provozu. Zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se spot\u0159eba vy\u017eaduje, aby se zdroje elekt\u0159iny postupn\u011b zap\u00ednaly a na trhu se zap\u00ednaj\u00ed od nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho k dra\u017e\u0161\u00edm. Z\u00e1v\u011brn\u00fd zdroj – tedy ten nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00fd se jako posledn\u00ed se vejde do popt\u00e1vky – je t\u00edm zdrojem, kter\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tzv. margin\u00e1ln\u00ed cenu elekt\u0159iny na trhu. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161ichni v\u00fdrobci, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady ne\u017e je margin\u00e1ln\u00ed cena, vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed a nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed zdroj v energetick\u00e9m mixu jede za sv\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. Pokud zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edme mno\u017estv\u00ed elekt\u0159iny vyroben\u00e9 z levn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f – ide\u00e1ln\u011b z v\u011btru a slunce, vytla\u010dujeme zdroje dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed a cena elekt\u0159iny se sni\u017euje.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Na emisn\u00ed povolenky jsme sly\u0161eli v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b \u0159adu st\u00ed\u017enost\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm od provozovatel\u016f uheln\u00fdch zdroj\u016f \u010di od politik\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed energetice nerozum\u011bj\u00ed. Sly\u0161eli jsme, \u017ee bychom m\u011bli pokud mo\u017eno cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed s emisn\u00edmi povolenkami zru\u0161it \u010di v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezit. Kdyby ov\u0161em hlavn\u00edm faktorem pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed cen elekt\u0159iny byla cena emisn\u00ed povolenky, ten graf zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed ceny elekt\u0159iny by odpov\u00eddal sp\u00ed\u0161e grafu v\u00fdvoje cen emisn\u00edch povolenek. Ov\u0161em v tuto chv\u00edli jasn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fdvoji cen plynu. Nav\u00edc nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st ze zdra\u017een\u00ed povolenek se odehr\u00e1la ji\u017e p\u0159ed v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm zdra\u017een\u00edm cen plynu a elekt\u0159iny.<\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na skladbu ceny elekt\u0159iny, vid\u00edme, \u017ee cena emisn\u00ed povolenky tvo\u0159\u00ed z ceny elekt\u0159iny z plynu necel\u00fdch 30 eur\/MWh. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee ceny emisn\u00edch povolenek zdra\u017eily na dvojn\u00e1sobek, re\u00e1ln\u00e9 zdra\u017een\u00ed energi\u00ed kv\u016fli emisn\u00ed povolenk\u00e1m je m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 15 euro za MWh. I kdyby se tedy cena emisn\u00edch povolenek nezv\u00fd\u0161ila na dvojn\u00e1sobek, cena elekt\u0159iny by se pohybovala kolem 115 eur za MWh (m\u00edsto sou\u010dasn\u00fdch cca 130 eur), zat\u00edmco je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed ned\u00e1vnem to bylo 50 eur\/MWh. <\/p>\n\n

Posledn\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 informace je, \u017ee cena silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny je jen jednou z \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159\u00ed kone\u010dnou cenu elekt\u0159iny pro spot\u0159ebitele. Zhruba polovinu ceny tvo\u0159\u00ed tzv. regulovan\u00e1 slo\u017eka, z n\u00ed\u017e nejvet\u0161\u00ed je poplatek za distribuci, 21 % tvo\u0159\u00ed DPH a \u010d\u00e1st je t\u00e9\u017e tzv. „p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvkem na obnoviteln\u00e9 zdroje“, kter\u00fdm st\u00e1t trest\u00e1 z\u00e1kazn\u00edky za to, \u017ee v letech 2009 a 2010 nezvl\u00e1dl zm\u011bnit v\u00fdkupn\u00ed ceny pro sol\u00e1rn\u00ed energetiku a zp\u016fsobil sol\u00e1rn\u00ed boom. Fakt, \u017ee jsou ceny silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny na burze na trojn\u00e1sobku, tak automaticky neznamen\u00e1 trojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 zdra\u017een\u00ed pro spot\u0159ebitele, ve skute\u010dnosti se zdra\u017een\u00ed prom\u00edt\u00e1 do ceny v n\u00e1r\u016fstu v \u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek procent – jak ostatn\u011b dokazuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 cen\u00edky dodavatel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed ji\u017e zdra\u017eili. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ceny energi\u00ed let\u00ed nahoru a u\u017e kv\u016fli tomu krachuj\u00ed nezodpov\u011bdn\u00ed dodavatel\u00e9 energi\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli nasmlouv\u00e1n dostatek dod\u00e1vek pro sv\u00e9 z\u00e1kazn\u00edky. Co m\u016f\u017ee za sou\u010dasnou krizi? A jak vlastn\u011b vznik\u00e1 cena elekt\u0159iny? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":15049,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"not set","p4_local_project":"not set","p4_basket_name":"not set","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[20,25,26,36],"p4-page-type":[16],"class_list":["post-15043","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energeticka-revoluce","tag-zmena-klimatu","tag-konec-doby-fosilni","tag-obnovitelne-zdroje","tag-akademie-greenpeace","p4-page-type-clanek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15043","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15043"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15043\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15096,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15043\/revisions\/15096"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15049"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15043"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15043"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15043"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=15043"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}