{"id":17479,"date":"2022-08-30T23:37:39","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T22:37:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/?p=17479"},"modified":"2022-08-31T12:41:54","modified_gmt":"2022-08-31T11:41:54","slug":"zruseni-emisnich-povolenek-by-snizilo-ceny-za-elektrinu-o-2-az-3-procenta-a-neni-to-malo-antone-pavlovici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/clanek\/17479\/zruseni-emisnich-povolenek-by-snizilo-ceny-za-elektrinu-o-2-az-3-procenta-a-neni-to-malo-antone-pavlovici\/","title":{"rendered":"Zru\u0161en\u00ed emisn\u00edch povolenek by sn\u00ed\u017eilo ceny za elekt\u0159inu o 2 a\u017e 3 procenta. A nen\u00ed to m\u00e1lo, Antone Pavlovi\u010di?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ceny elekt\u0159iny se zbl\u00e1znily a sk\u00e1\u010dou nahoru a dol\u016f, i o 400 eur za MWh denn\u011b. V takov\u00e9 dob\u011b se stejn\u011b jako ta\u017en\u00ed pt\u00e1ci s \u017eeleznou pravidelnost\u00ed vracej\u00ed fanou\u0161ci neregulovan\u00e9ho tr\u017en\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a neoliber\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomie a volaj\u00ed po zru\u0161en\u00ed trhu s emisn\u00edmi povolenkami. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 kdy\u017e vedle cen elekt\u0159iny se i emisn\u00ed povolenka p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika dny vyhoupla na rekordn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. Co na tom, \u017ee hned dal\u0161\u00ed den zase v\u00fdrazn\u011b spadla? U\u017e tam jednou byla, mus\u00edme ji zru\u0161it. Ale skute\u010dn\u011b by zru\u0161en\u00ed emisn\u00edch povolenek pomohlo srazit dom\u00e1cnostem a firm\u00e1m \u00fa\u010dty za elekt\u0159inu? Odpov\u011b\u010f je jasn\u00e1 – v\u016fbec ne. Zato \u010cesko by se takov\u00fdm krokem p\u0159ipravilo o stovky miliard korun. <\/p>\n\n

Naposledy jsme o faktu, \u017ee zru\u0161en\u00ed syst\u00e9mu emisn\u00edch povolenek nebude m\u00edt v\u00fdrazn\u00fd vliv na cenu, psali v prosinci lo\u0148sk\u00e9ho roku. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek<\/a> jsme se proto jako spr\u00e1vn\u00ed ekologi\u010dt\u00ed aktivist\u00e9 rozhodli zrecyklovat. Emisn\u00ed povolenka tehdy byla na hodnot\u011b 79 eur, dnes je na \u00farovni 80 eur. Cena elekt\u0159iny byla tehdy zhruba 200 eur za MWh, nyn\u00ed je v\u00edce ne\u017e trojn\u00e1sobn\u00e1, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e na sou\u010dasnou hodnotu spadla z ceny 1000 MWh, kterou m\u011bla je\u0161t\u011b v pond\u011bl\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n

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Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 ceny elekt\u0159iny zvy\u0161uj\u00ed zisky \u010desk\u00fdm uheln\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

\u00davaha, kterou je obhajov\u00e1no zru\u0161en\u00ed trhu s emisn\u00edmi povolenkami, je vcelku jednoduch\u00e1 – n\u00e1klady za n\u00e1kup emisn\u00ed povolenky jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ceny elekt\u0159iny. Kdy\u017e zru\u0161\u00edme emisn\u00ed povolenku, cena elekt\u0159iny se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed. To je sice pravda, ale sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ceny emisn\u00ed povolenky by v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 krizov\u00e9 situaci sn\u00ed\u017eilo cenu jen zanedbateln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 stanovit, o kolik procent by se sn\u00ed\u017eila cena silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny bez emisn\u00edch povolenek, kdyby k n\u011bmu doopravdy do\u0161lo, proto\u017ee v posledn\u00edch dnech jsou ceny na burze jako na houpa\u010dce. Pokud se ale zase nestane n\u011bco neo\u010dek\u00e1vateln\u00e9ho, tak by cena mohla klesnout – podle ned\u00e1vn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje – o 3,4 a\u017e 7 %.<\/p>\n\n

Ne, nejsou to intuitivn\u00ed, ale p\u0159esn\u011b spo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla. Zkusme si nejd\u0159\u00edv stru\u010dn\u011b popsat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdchodiska, kter\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdchodisko prvn\u00ed a pro pochopen\u00ed cel\u00e9 v\u011bci patrn\u011b nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: Cenu silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny na trhu ur\u010duje jeden jedin\u00fd faktor: provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady (opex) nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed, tzv. z\u00e1v\u011brn\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdroba je v tu chv\u00edli v s\u00edti pot\u0159eba. Provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady v\u0161ech ostatn\u00edch levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zdroj\u016f v danou chv\u00edli nemaj\u00ed na cenu elekt\u0159iny vliv \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u2013 i kdyby vyr\u00e1b\u011bly \u00fapln\u011b zadarmo, elekt\u0159inu budou prod\u00e1vat za \u00fapln\u011b stejnou cenu, jako z\u00e1v\u011brn\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna. Rozd\u00edl mezi jejich provozn\u00edmi n\u00e1klady a uvedenou cenou tvo\u0159\u00ed jejich hrub\u00fd zisk.<\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdchodisko druh\u00e9: z\u00e1v\u011brnou elektr\u00e1rnou je na spole\u010dn\u00e9m evropsk\u00e9m trhu nyn\u00ed elektr\u00e1rna spaluj\u00edc\u00ed zemn\u00ed plyn. Nebylo tomu tak v\u017edycky \u2013 v dob\u00e1ch levn\u00e9ho plynu se pravideln\u011b st\u00e1valo, \u017ee roli z\u00e1v\u011brn\u00e9ho zdroje obsadila elektr\u00e1rna spaluj\u00edc\u00ed uhl\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b od ledna 2021 cena \u010dern\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed na glob\u00e1ln\u00edch trz\u00edch vzrostla trojn\u00e1sobn\u011b, zat\u00edmco zemn\u00ed plyn zdra\u017eil na \u0161estn\u00e1ctin\u00e1sobek. Plynov\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny tak nyn\u00ed maj\u00ed svoj\u00ed pozici z\u00e1v\u011brn\u00e9ho, a tedy nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00edho zdroje jistou. Z toho mimo jin\u00e9 vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee provozovatel\u00e9 uheln\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren nyn\u00ed bez ohledu na vysokou cenu povolenky kr\u00e1lovsky vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u2013 jejich provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s plynov\u00fdmi elektr\u00e1rnami byly v minul\u00fdch dnech zhruba o 66 a\u017e 80 procent ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n\n

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V\u00fdvoj cen elekt\u0159iny.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

V\u00fdchodisko t\u0159et\u00ed, u kter\u00e9ho u\u017e za\u010dneme trochu po\u010d\u00edtat: Provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady plynov\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny sest\u00e1vaj\u00ed ze dvou hlavn\u00edch slo\u017eek: ceny paliva a ceny emisn\u00edch povolenek. Typick\u00e1 paroplynov\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna s \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed 49 procent na v\u00fdrobu 1 MWh elekt\u0159iny pot\u0159ebuje 2 MWh zemn\u00edho plynu a 0,4 povolenky. To d\u011bl\u00e1 p\u0159i dne\u0161n\u00edch cen\u00e1ch p\u0159es 500 eur za palivo a 32 eur za emise. Cena elekt\u0159iny je p\u0159itom je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee ji zvy\u0161uje nestabilita a panika na trhu. V tuto chv\u00edli tedy cena emisn\u00ed povolenky tvo\u0159\u00ed pouh\u00fdch 5 procent ceny silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny. <\/p>\n\n

V\u00fdchodisko \u010dtvrt\u00e9: povolenky se na trh dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed prodejem v dra\u017eb\u00e1ch. Sto procent v\u00fdnos\u016f dra\u017eby je p\u0159\u00edjmem ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch rozpo\u010dt\u016f st\u00e1tu, na jeho\u017e \u00fazem\u00ed k emis\u00edm doch\u00e1z\u00ed. P\u0159i dne\u0161n\u00ed cen\u011b 80,30 euro\/EUA by tak \u010cesk\u00e1 republika na zisc\u00edch z prodeje povolenek vyd\u011bl\u00e1vala v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch letech stovky miliard korun.<\/p>\n\n

U\u017e asi tu\u0161\u00edte, pro\u010d je ru\u0161en\u00ed emisn\u00ed povolenky velmi \u0161patn\u00fd n\u00e1pad. Ale poj\u010fme si to spo\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159esn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n

Pracujme s variantou, \u017ee by byly povolenky z\u00edtra \u00fapln\u011b zru\u0161eny, nebo bychom ze syst\u00e9mu ETS, v jeho\u017e r\u00e1mci existuj\u00ed, vystoupili tak, jak to nap\u0159\u00edklad po\u017eaduje Tomio Okamura z SPD. Na stran\u011b jedn\u00e9 by \u010desk\u00fdm spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm nepochybn\u011b klesla cena silov\u00e9 elekt\u0159iny \u2013 konkr\u00e9tn\u011b o v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdch 3,4 a\u017e 7 % procent. Dnes konkr\u00e9tn\u011b je to 5 %.<\/p>\n\n

P\u0159i pohledu na svoj\u00ed fakturu ov\u0161em zjist\u00edte, \u017ee silov\u00e1 elekt\u0159ina je na n\u00ed pouze jednou z polo\u017eek. V sazb\u011b D02d, kterou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed, tvo\u0159\u00ed silov\u00e1 elekt\u0159ina ale jen \u010d\u00e1st celkov\u00e9 ceny. Zru\u0161en\u00ed povolenky, pokud by se do cen\u00edk\u016f obchodn\u00edk\u016f prom\u00edtlo nezkreslen\u011b, by tak typick\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti sn\u00ed\u017eilo fakturu za elekt\u0159inu o 2 a\u017e 3 %.<\/p>\n\n

St\u00e1t by ov\u0161em sou\u010dasn\u011b p\u0159i\u0161el o p\u0159\u00edjem ve v\u00fd\u0161i zhruba 110 miliard ro\u010dn\u011b z dra\u017eby povolenek. P\u0159i\u0161el by o 110 miliard, kter\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee mimo jin\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt na sanaci vysok\u00fdch cen energi\u00ed, a to i cen plynu pro dom\u00e1cnosti, na kterou nem\u00e1 povolenka \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd vliv.<\/p>\n\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s napadne, kde by zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 pen\u00edze skon\u010dily. To je celkem prost\u00e9 \u2013 zv\u00fd\u0161il by se o n\u011b hrub\u00fd zisk provozovatel\u016f uheln\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren, kter\u00fd je ji\u017e natolik vysok\u00fd, \u017ee ho chce vl\u00e1da danit speci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dnou dan\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n

Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ceny elekt\u0159iny o n\u011bkolik procent nic ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed a nikomu moc nepom\u016f\u017ee. Zato n\u00e1\u0161 navrhovan\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159<\/a>, aby politici – t\u0159eba na popud ministra S\u00edkely na\u0161li evropsk\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, zm\u011bnili energetick\u00fd trh a odstranili z n\u011bj vliv plynov\u00fdch elektr\u00e1ren na tvorbu ceny elekt\u0159iny, by zlevnil elekt\u0159inu v\u00fdrazn\u011b. Pokud by se to povedlo, cena by se propadla n\u011bkam k provozn\u00edm n\u00e1klad\u016fm v\u00fdroby z \u010dern\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed, tedy o vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed des\u00edtky procent.<\/p>\n\n

Minul\u00fd rok jsme v z\u00e1v\u011bru \u010dl\u00e1nku doufali, \u017ee nastupuj\u00edc\u00ed vl\u00e1da Petra Fialy um\u00ed po\u010d\u00edtat l\u00e9pe ne\u017e odch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed kabinet Andreje Babi\u0161e, kter\u00fd se cestou oslaben\u00ed trhu s emisn\u00edmi povolenkami cht\u011bl vydat. Douf\u00e1me st\u00e1le. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ceny elekt\u0159iny se zbl\u00e1znily a Premi\u00e9r v demisi Andrej Babi\u0161\u00a0na evropsk\u00e9m summitu\u00a0spole\u010dn\u011b s polskou vl\u00e1dou prosazoval sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ceny emisn\u00edch povolenek. S t\u00edmto n\u00e1vrhem na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed neusp\u011bl. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ceny nebo dokonce zru\u0161en\u00ed…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":14193,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"not set","p4_local_project":"not set","p4_basket_name":"not set","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[25],"p4-page-type":[16],"class_list":["post-17479","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energeticka-revoluce","tag-konec-doby-fosilni","p4-page-type-clanek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17479","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17479"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17479\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17485,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17479\/revisions\/17485"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14193"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17479"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17479"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17479"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=17479"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}