{"id":63243,"date":"2023-10-23T11:50:52","date_gmt":"2023-10-23T09:50:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/?post_type=p4_action&#038;p=63243"},"modified":"2025-10-03T11:48:49","modified_gmt":"2025-10-03T09:48:49","slug":"nature-crime-files","status":"publish","type":"p4_action","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/campaigns\/nature-crime-files\/","title":{"rendered":"Nature Crime Files"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignfull has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-pattern-p4-page-header\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-background-color has-background\">The Nature Crime Files &#8211; Declassified<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:1.25rem\">Europe presents itself as a progressive defender of biodiversity and the environment, but in reality is doing little to stop corporate greed and corruption from destroying both. <\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/4ec0ad57-crime-files-header-1024x683.png\" alt=\"Lone tree standing in deforested area with crime scene tape imposed over the image\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 601px) 50vw, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/4ec0ad57-crime-files-header.png 1181w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/4ec0ad57-crime-files-header-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/4ec0ad57-crime-files-header-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/4ec0ad57-crime-files-header-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/4ec0ad57-crime-files-header-510x340.png 510w\" class=\"wp-image-63250 size-full\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exposing the criminals behind nature\u2019s destruction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Behind the EU&#8217;s shiny facade of nature protection lies a dark truth: a host of crimes against natural ecosystems, including clear-cutting, invasive tree planting, illegal logging and the illegal timber trade, are wreaking havoc on forest ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-beige-100-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-top\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/e32abeda-gp0stwhbw-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Logged Area in the Carpathian Forest in Ukraine. \u00a9 Dominik Werner \/ Greenpeace\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1600px) calc((1320px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 1200px) calc((1140px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 992px) calc((960px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 768px) calc((720px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 601px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 577px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 1), calc(100vw - 24px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/e32abeda-gp0stwhbw.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/e32abeda-gp0stwhbw-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/e32abeda-gp0stwhbw-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/e32abeda-gp0stwhbw-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/e32abeda-gp0stwhbw-510x340.jpg 510w\" class=\"wp-image-63274 size-large\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The problem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Europe, where about 40% of the land is covered by forests, claims to be a progressive defender of biodiversity and the environment. But simply looking at the percentage of forest cover and the percentage of protected areas does not give a true picture of the dire state of Europe\u2019s nature. The truth is that only 15% of the EU&#8217;s habitats are in good conservation status, even though formal protection extends to over 26% of the EU&#8217;s territory.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Industrial forestry practices have also ruthlessly damaged the natural complexity of forests and the diversity of plant and animal life. This exploitation has resulted in forests with fewer tree species, often with even-aged monoculture plantations that hinder the fight against climate change and the collapse of biodiversity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile is-vertically-aligned-top\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What can be done<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While the logging industry plunders protected landscapes and governments turn a blind eye, companies exploit legal loopholes to wipe out ancient forests and precious biodiverse ecosystems to make short-lived products that are used for packaging, furniture or simply as firewood. At the same time, citizens and consumers are kept in the dark and made complicit in the destruction of their own life support system. <\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Destruction in Finland. \u00a9 Jani Sipil\u00e4 \/ Greenpeace\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1600px) calc((1320px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 1200px) calc((1140px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 992px) calc((960px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 768px) calc((720px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 601px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 2),(min-width: 577px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 1), calc(100vw - 24px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-1536x1151.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-2048x1535.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-1822x1366.jpg 1822w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/fddf175f-gp0sttlla-454x340.jpg 454w\" class=\"wp-image-63275 size-large\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Nature crimes are usually committed far from the public eye. With the Nature Crime Files, we want to shine a spotlight on these abuses and put a stop to them. The cases of nature destruction we uncover show the serious failings of nature protection in Europe.&nbsp; Together with local environment defenders, we will expose these crimes and hold decision-makers and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/act\/ikea-open-letter\/\">companies<\/a> publicly accountable for their actions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">We need strong laws and enforcement to stop the #NatureCrime across the EU!<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Crimes against natural ecosystems in Europe revealed - Greenpeace\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hC8rSl06pLA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull block has-beige-100-background-color has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:30px;padding-right:30px;padding-bottom:30px;padding-left:30px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Our Demands<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Protect at least 30% of EU\u2019s sea and land areas<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Effective implementation is key to success:<\/strong> To ensure ecosystems are protected from activities like industrial agriculture and forestry, the effective implementation is needed for nature to thrive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sometimes interventions are needed for enhancement of natural processes;<\/strong> protected areas can involve active management only to enhance natural processes like preventing wildfires or restoration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>We need undisturbed areas:<\/strong> At least one third of highly biodiverse and carbon-rich areas should remain strictly protected and untouched by humans.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Restore&nbsp;20% of EU\u2019s sea and land areas: <\/strong>We not only need to protect our most precious ecosystems, but also bring back nature where it has been degraded.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Redirect harmful subsidies and private financing<\/strong> towards nature restoration and resilience and just transition for affected communities whose income is affected by these actions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transform the forestry system <\/strong>into a close-to-nature approach to forest management and put an immediate end to the exploitation of old-growth (ancient) forests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Putting an end to wood waste<\/strong>: Dramatically reduce the production and consumption of wood for energy and short-lived products and promote the use of long-lived products instead.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ditch false solutions<\/strong> such as carbon offsets, certification schemes or large monoculture tree farms.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Protection does not mean excluding people from nature. Land rights, access and sustainable use by Indigenous Peoples and local communities must therefore be an integral part of the concept of protection. We should also consider Europe&#8217;s biogeographical differences in target implementation, ensuring that conservation within Europe doesn&#8217;t harm forests and other ecosystems, or human rights elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/03\/8121df13-crime-files-our-demands-2024.pdf\">Read Our Demands<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nature Crime Files<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:40% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/05\/79d7318c-nature-crime-files-sweden-cover.png\" alt=\"Nature Crime Files Sweden cover\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1600px) calc((1320px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 1200px) calc((1140px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 992px) calc((960px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 768px) calc((720px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 601px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 577px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 1), calc(100vw - 24px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/05\/79d7318c-nature-crime-files-sweden-cover.png 940w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/05\/79d7318c-nature-crime-files-sweden-cover-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/05\/79d7318c-nature-crime-files-sweden-cover-768x644.png 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/05\/79d7318c-nature-crime-files-sweden-cover-406x340.png 406w\" class=\"wp-image-67022 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Over a hundred companies are at risk of receiving material that originated in unsustainably logged forests of Sweden<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Insufficient governance and self-regulation of the Swedish forest industry has resulted in vital old forests being destroyed rather than protected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/publication\/67018\/nature-crime-files-sweden\/\">Read the <strong>Sweden<\/strong> Crime File<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:36px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:40% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/04\/70714ec0-nature-crime-file-romania.png\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1600px) calc((1320px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 1200px) calc((1140px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 992px) calc((960px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 768px) calc((720px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 601px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 577px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 1), calc(100vw - 24px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/04\/70714ec0-nature-crime-file-romania.png 940w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/04\/70714ec0-nature-crime-file-romania-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/04\/70714ec0-nature-crime-file-romania-768x644.png 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2024\/04\/70714ec0-nature-crime-file-romania-406x340.png 406w\" class=\"wp-image-66383 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acts of destruction committed with<br>bulldozers and chainsaws<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This case shows how the unique and beautiful Carpathians forests in Romania are linked to fast furniture and how our European natural heritage may end up in our own homes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/publication\/66321\/nature-crime-files-romania\/\">Read the <strong>Romania<\/strong> Crime File<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:36px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:40% auto\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/83abe948-crime-files-czechia.png\" alt=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 1600px) calc((1320px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 1200px) calc((1140px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 992px) calc((960px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 768px) calc((720px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 601px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 2.5),(min-width: 577px) calc((540px - 24px) \/ 1), calc(100vw - 24px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/83abe948-crime-files-czechia.png 940w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/83abe948-crime-files-czechia-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/83abe948-crime-files-czechia-768x644.png 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2023\/10\/83abe948-crime-files-czechia-406x340.png 406w\" class=\"wp-image-63248 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Pristine forests only protected on paper<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vital old-growth forests in Czechia are not effectively protected. Instead, they are turned into wood products and end up in European homes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/publication\/63303\/nature-crime-files-czechia\/\">Read the <strong>Czechia<\/strong> Crime File<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:36px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>Stay tuned, there is more to come as we continue to investigate&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It is time to stop crimes against the ecosystems that protect us. Strong laws and strict controls must be put in place.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":79015,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_planet4_optimize_post_is_variant":false,"_planet4_optimize_experiment_name":"","_planet4_optimize_variant_name":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"action_button_text":"Read Our Demands","action_button_accessibility_text":"Take action","actions_task_type":"","actions_deadline":"","nav_type":"","p4_hide_page_title_checkbox":"on","p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"Food, Forest and Nature","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"action-type":[132],"class_list":["post-63243","p4_action","type-p4_action","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","action-type-campaigns"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4_action\/63243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4_action"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/p4_action"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4_action\/63243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74211,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4_action\/63243\/revisions\/74211"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/79015"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63243"},{"taxonomy":"action-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/action-type?post=63243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}