{"id":82201,"date":"2026-03-18T19:07:09","date_gmt":"2026-03-18T18:07:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/?p=82201"},"modified":"2026-03-19T17:23:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-19T16:23:46","slug":"iran-lebanon-war-environment-climate-impacts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/82201\/iran-lebanon-war-environment-climate-impacts\/","title":{"rendered":"The US-Israel war on Iran and how war and conflict are destroying the environment"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The world has poured a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/media\/press-release\/2025\/unprecedented-rise-global-military-expenditure-european-and-middle-east-spending-surges\">record US$ 2.7 trillion into military spending<\/a> in 2024, with global spending rising every year for the past decade.<br><br>From Ukraine to Sudan, Gaza, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/82196\/greenpeace-response-israel-military-escalation-lebanon-middle-east-war-ceasefire\/\">Lebanon<\/a>, Iran and Venezuela, people are living through war, bombardment, occupation, militarisation or political violence, while the damage reaches far beyond the frontlines. Homes, hospitals, power grids, water systems, farmland and coastlines are all drawn into the same cycle of destruction, showing that conflict is not only a human tragedy but also an environmental one, with consequences for public health, ecosystems and climate that can last for decades.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Like all wars, the current war in the Middle East will leave a toxic legacy<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>War does not only kill people and destroy homes. It also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/peace-and-security\/how-conflict-impacts-our-environment#:~:text=Beyond%20the%20immediate%20destruction%2C%20conflicts,planet%20for%20generations%20to%20come.\">damages the systems that make life possible<\/a>, including water networks, sewage plants, farmland, ports, fuel depots and electricity infrastructure, often leaving polluted air, contaminated soil and unsafe water long after the fighting slows. Across recent conflicts, research points to the same pattern: fires, toxic debris, damaged sanitation, collapsing public health systems and ecosystems pushed beyond recovery.<\/p>\n\n<p>This environmental harm is not incidental. It is one of the ways war reshapes daily life.<\/p>\n\n<p><blockquote class=\"instagram-media\" data-instgrm-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DVvvIt9FCZs\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" data-instgrm-version=\"14\" style=\" background:#FFF; border:0; border-radius:3px; box-shadow:0 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.5),0 1px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15); margin: 1px; max-width:540px; min-width:326px; padding:0; width:99.375%; width:-webkit-calc(100% - 2px); width:calc(100% - 2px);\"><div style=\"padding:16px;\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DVvvIt9FCZs\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" background:#FFFFFF; line-height:0; padding:0 0; text-align:center; text-decoration:none; width:100%;\" target=\"_blank\"> <div style=\" display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center;\"> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 40px; margin-right: 14px; width: 40px;\"><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 100px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 60px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding: 19% 0;\"><\/div> <div style=\"display:block; height:50px; margin:0 auto 12px; width:50px;\"><svg width=\"50px\" height=\"50px\" viewBox=\"0 0 60 60\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\"><g stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\"><g transform=\"translate(-511.000000, -20.000000)\" fill=\"#000000\"><g><path d=\"M556.869,30.41 C554.814,30.41 553.148,32.076 553.148,34.131 C553.148,36.186 554.814,37.852 556.869,37.852 C558.924,37.852 560.59,36.186 560.59,34.131 C560.59,32.076 558.924,30.41 556.869,30.41 M541,60.657 C535.114,60.657 530.342,55.887 530.342,50 C530.342,44.114 535.114,39.342 541,39.342 C546.887,39.342 551.658,44.114 551.658,50 C551.658,55.887 546.887,60.657 541,60.657 M541,33.886 C532.1,33.886 524.886,41.1 524.886,50 C524.886,58.899 532.1,66.113 541,66.113 C549.9,66.113 557.115,58.899 557.115,50 C557.115,41.1 549.9,33.886 541,33.886 M565.378,62.101 C565.244,65.022 564.756,66.606 564.346,67.663 C563.803,69.06 563.154,70.057 562.106,71.106 C561.058,72.155 560.06,72.803 558.662,73.347 C557.607,73.757 556.021,74.244 553.102,74.378 C549.944,74.521 548.997,74.552 541,74.552 C533.003,74.552 532.056,74.521 528.898,74.378 C525.979,74.244 524.393,73.757 523.338,73.347 C521.94,72.803 520.942,72.155 519.894,71.106 C518.846,70.057 518.197,69.06 517.654,67.663 C517.244,66.606 516.755,65.022 516.623,62.101 C516.479,58.943 516.448,57.996 516.448,50 C516.448,42.003 516.479,41.056 516.623,37.899 C516.755,34.978 517.244,33.391 517.654,32.338 C518.197,30.938 518.846,29.942 519.894,28.894 C520.942,27.846 521.94,27.196 523.338,26.654 C524.393,26.244 525.979,25.756 528.898,25.623 C532.057,25.479 533.004,25.448 541,25.448 C548.997,25.448 549.943,25.479 553.102,25.623 C556.021,25.756 557.607,26.244 558.662,26.654 C560.06,27.196 561.058,27.846 562.106,28.894 C563.154,29.942 563.803,30.938 564.346,32.338 C564.756,33.391 565.244,34.978 565.378,37.899 C565.522,41.056 565.552,42.003 565.552,50 C565.552,57.996 565.522,58.943 565.378,62.101 M570.82,37.631 C570.674,34.438 570.167,32.258 569.425,30.349 C568.659,28.377 567.633,26.702 565.965,25.035 C564.297,23.368 562.623,22.342 560.652,21.575 C558.743,20.834 556.562,20.326 553.369,20.18 C550.169,20.033 549.148,20 541,20 C532.853,20 531.831,20.033 528.631,20.18 C525.438,20.326 523.257,20.834 521.349,21.575 C519.376,22.342 517.703,23.368 516.035,25.035 C514.368,26.702 513.342,28.377 512.574,30.349 C511.834,32.258 511.326,34.438 511.181,37.631 C511.035,40.831 511,41.851 511,50 C511,58.147 511.035,59.17 511.181,62.369 C511.326,65.562 511.834,67.743 512.574,69.651 C513.342,71.625 514.368,73.296 516.035,74.965 C517.703,76.634 519.376,77.658 521.349,78.425 C523.257,79.167 525.438,79.673 528.631,79.82 C531.831,79.965 532.853,80.001 541,80.001 C549.148,80.001 550.169,79.965 553.369,79.82 C556.562,79.673 558.743,79.167 560.652,78.425 C562.623,77.658 564.297,76.634 565.965,74.965 C567.633,73.296 568.659,71.625 569.425,69.651 C570.167,67.743 570.674,65.562 570.82,62.369 C570.966,59.17 571,58.147 571,50 C571,41.851 570.966,40.831 570.82,37.631\"><\/path><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg><\/div><div style=\"padding-top: 8px;\"> <div style=\" color:#3897f0; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;\">View this post on Instagram<\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding: 12.5% 0;\"><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;\"><div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);\"><\/div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;\"><\/div> <div style=\"background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);\"><\/div><\/div><div style=\"margin-left: 8px;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)\"><\/div><\/div><div style=\"margin-left: auto;\"> <div style=\" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);\"><\/div> <div style=\" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);\"><\/div><\/div><\/div> <div style=\"display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-grow: 1; justify-content: center; margin-bottom: 24px;\"> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; width: 224px;\"><\/div> <div style=\" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 4px; flex-grow: 0; height: 14px; width: 144px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/a><p style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/DVvvIt9FCZs\/?utm_source=ig_embed&amp;utm_campaign=loading\" style=\" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none;\" target=\"_blank\">A post shared by TRT World (@trtworld)<\/a><\/p><\/div><\/blockquote>\n<script async src=\"\/\/www.instagram.com\/embed.js\"><\/script><\/p>\n\n<p>In Iran, within days of the first US-Israel strikes, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/82180\/war-energy-iran-lebanon-middle-east-solar\/\">energy itself became a direct battleground<\/a> as attacks and counter attacks targeted fossil fuel infrastructure. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/81999\/hormuz-oil-tanker-leak-iran\/\">Strait of Hormuz became a flashpoint<\/a> with dozens of tankers carrying billions of litres of oil trapped in the Persian Gulf. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/82052\/greenpeace-disaster-oil-tankers-in-persian-gulf\/\">Greenpeace Germany warned<\/a> that a single oil spill in the Gulf could damage this fragile marine habitat beyond repair with devastating consequences for people, animals, and plants in the region, adding to the terrible human toll this illegal war has already taken on local communities.<br><br>In Gaza, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/mena\/en\/gaza-scorched-earth\/\">Greenpeace MENA analysis has highlighted severe damage<\/a> to water, sanitation, cropland and fisheries, alongside estimates that the first 120 days of the war generated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2025\/may\/30\/carbon-footprint-of-israels-war-on-gaza-exceeds-that-of-many-entire-countries\">more than half a million tonnes of carbon dioxide<\/a>. That combination of bombardment, infrastructure collapse and pollution makes a place harder to inhabit, less healthy and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/mena\/en\/the-implications-of-climate-change\/\">less resilient to climate breakdown<\/a>.<br><br>Sudan offers another stark example: <a href=\"https:\/\/ceobs.org\/the-environmental-costs-of-the-war-in-sudan\/\">research from the Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS)<\/a> shows how war is driving deforestation, agricultural decline, industrial pollution, and the collapse of health and sanitation systems, undermining people\u2019s access to food, water and energy.<br><br>War also carries a climate cost beyond the battlefield. Researchers cited by the CEOBS estimate that militaries account for around <a href=\"https:\/\/ceobs.org\/new-data-reveals-the-military-emissions-gap-is-growing-wider\/\">5.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions<\/a>, while conflict adds more through fires, fuel use, reconstruction and the loss of resilient public infrastructure. The environmental cost of war is therefore both immediate and cumulative, destroying ecosystems today and weakening societies\u2019 ability to cope with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/mena\/en\/how-climate-change-threatens-agriculture-and-food-security-in-mena\/\">heat, drought, floods and crop loss<\/a> tomorrow.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1199\" height=\"785\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/e4b54faf-gp01d8.jpg\" title=\"Woman in black looks back at discarded military wreckage in Iraq. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Philip Reynaers\" alt=\"No War Documentation Iraq. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Philip Reynaers\" class=\"wp-image-82212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/e4b54faf-gp01d8.jpg 1199w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/e4b54faf-gp01d8-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/e4b54faf-gp01d8-1024x670.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/e4b54faf-gp01d8-768x503.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/e4b54faf-gp01d8-510x334.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1199px) 100vw, 1199px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">June 2003: Woman in front of discarded military ordnance in Iraq.<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Philip Reynaers<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>History shows the damage lasts for decades<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>This is not new. During the Vietnam war, US forces sprayed almost <a href=\"https:\/\/anzacportal.dva.gov.au\/wars-and-missions\/vietnam-war-1962-1975\/events\/aftermath\/agent-orange\">80 million litres of herbicides, including Agent Orange<\/a>, affecting roughly 2.9 million hectares of land and leaving dioxin in soils, water and food chains for decades. In Iraq, <a href=\"https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2003\/ik341.doc.htm\">UNEP and later field investigations<\/a> warned of long-term environmental and health risks linked to <a href=\"https:\/\/paxforpeace.nl\/news\/depleted-uranium-coordinates-needed-for-clean-up-of-dangerous-sites-in-iraq\/\">depleted uranium contamination<\/a> and other toxic remnants of war. These older conflicts matter because they show that the environmental damage of war <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/50-years-later-vietnams-environment-still-bears-the-scars-of-war-and-signals-a-dark-future-for-gaza-and-ukraine-255465\">does not end with a ceasefire<\/a>.<br><br>The lesson running from Vietnam and Iraq to Gaza and Ukraine is simple. War contaminates the conditions for life itself. It <a href=\"https:\/\/www.commondreams.org\/news\/toxic-black-rain-iran\">degrades land, water, air and health<\/a> in ways that can shape people\u2019s lives for generations, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/international\/article\/2026\/03\/09\/human-rights-watch-accuses-israel-of-unlawfully-using-white-phosphorus-in-new-lebanon-attacks_6751264_4.html\">where the fighting meshes with chemicals<\/a>, oil, radiation risks and damaged public infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"792\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a344a0ff-gp01at9.jpg\" title=\"Shipwrecks along River Khorram. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Jim Hodson\" alt=\"Shipwrecks along River Khorram. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Jim Hodson\" class=\"wp-image-82238\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a344a0ff-gp01at9.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a344a0ff-gp01at9-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a344a0ff-gp01at9-1024x676.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a344a0ff-gp01at9-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a344a0ff-gp01at9-510x337.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">1991: Greenpeace survey of Gulf War oil pollution in Iran. Destroyed ships from the Iran\/Iraq War along the River Khorram.<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Jim Hodson<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ukraine maps the environmental cost of war<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Ukraine has made this damage unusually visible. Greenpeace Central and Eastern Europe, together with the Ukrainian organisation Ecoaction, launched <a href=\"https:\/\/maps.greenpeace.org\/maps\/gpcee\/ukraine_damage_2022\/\">an environmental damage map<\/a> built from almost 900 collected cases, with 30 of the most serious verified by satellite imagery to show how <a href=\"https:\/\/greenpeace.at\/cee-press-hub\/greenpeace-and-ecoaction-launch-map-of-environmental-destruction-caused-by-russia%E2%80%99s-war-in-ukraine\/\">Russia\u2019s illegal invasion has damaged land, habitats, water and air<\/a>. Documenting this destruction is essential not only for accountability, but also for planning <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/ukraine\/en\/our-work\/green-reconstruction-of-ukraine\/\">reconstruction and nature restoration in parallel<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>The map matters because it shows the breadth of environmental damage that modern war causes. Missile strikes trigger wildfires, industrial sites leak toxins, shelling pollutes soil and water, and mined or occupied land becomes dangerous to farm, restore or even enter. This points to a larger argument about how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.solarpowereurope.org\/news\/greenpeace-ukraine-and-solar-power-europe-organise-event-to-accelerate-solar-investments-in-ukraine-1\">war-affected countries can build back better<\/a> in ways that restore nature and reduce dependence on the same vulnerable energy systems that war keeps targeting<\/p>\n\n<p>Ukraine also shows how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/ukraine\/en\/our-work\/against-nuclear-danger\/zaporizhzhia-npp\/\">war magnifies and weaponises the environmental risk of&nbsp; nuclear infrastructure<\/a>. Greenpeace Ukraine and Greenpeace Central &amp; Eastern Europe have repeatedly warned that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2023\/sep\/28\/greenpeace-safety-zaporizhzhia-nuclear-plant-regulators-russia\">the Russian occupation of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant<\/a> (Europe&#8217;s largest nuclear power plant) has created an ongoing nuclear safety and security crisis. There is no credible nuclear safety, security or legal basis for restarting reactors at Zaporizhzhia while the site remains under Russian military and Rosatom control, and it has warned that <a href=\"https:\/\/greenpeace.at\/cee-press-hub\/znpp-restart\/\">any restart would sharply increase the risk of a nuclear disaster<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"803\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/69a30c18-gp0su6847.jpg\" title=\"Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station in Ukraine 1994. \u00a9 Clive Shirley \/ signum \/ Greenpeace\" alt=\"Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station in Ukraine 1994. \u00a9 Clive Shirley \/ signum \/ Greenpeace\" class=\"wp-image-82216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/69a30c18-gp0su6847.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/69a30c18-gp0su6847-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/69a30c18-gp0su6847-1024x685.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/69a30c18-gp0su6847-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/69a30c18-gp0su6847-508x340.jpg 508w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Zaporizhzhia nuclear power station in Ukraine. High-voltage pylons at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant near Ernergodar in Ukraine.<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Clive Shirley \/ signum \/ Greenpeace<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>That warning reaches beyond Ukraine. Nuclear plants are designed for stable operating conditions, not occupation, militarisation and repeated threats to cooling, staffing and external power supply. The example of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant shows how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/ukraine\/en\/news-en\/5404\/statement-on-the-anniversary-of-the-russian-attack-on-the-new-safe-confinement-at-chornobyl\/\">war can turn critical infrastructure into a potential regional environmental catastrophe<\/a>, with consequences that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/66648\/grim-nuclear-anniversary-zaporizhzhia-chornobyl-ukraine\/\">would not stop at any front line<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p>The environmental damage caused by war is not only a consequence of conflict.&nbsp; It is also shaped by the fossil-based energy systems that power modern economies.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Oil and gas fuel war and intensify its environmental impact<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Oil and gas are not just caught up in war. They often <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/52988\/fossil-fuels-are-fuelling-war\/\">sit near its centre<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/53254\/european-money-finance-funding-putins-war-machine\/\">Oil and gas revenues bankroll war machines<\/a>, while control of pipelines, ports, tankers and shipping chokepoints helps drive geopolitical confrontation in the first place. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/81935\/war-renewables-security-imperative-energy-mena-west-asia\/\">When the global economy depends on centralised, combustible resources<\/a>, attacks on depots, refineries, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/81999\/hormuz-oil-tanker-leak-iran\/\">tankers or shipping routes do more than disrupt trade<\/a>. They threaten marine ecosystems, public health and economic stability at the same time.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/3329d2fb-gp0su07aa.jpg\" title=\"Protest against a Bunker Vessel Fueling the Russian \u2018Shadow\u2019 Fleet off the Swedish island Gotland. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Will Rose\" alt=\"Protest against a Bunker Vessel Fueling the Russian \u2018Shadow\u2019 Fleet off the Swedish island Gotland. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Will Rose\" class=\"wp-image-81992\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/3329d2fb-gp0su07aa.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/3329d2fb-gp0su07aa-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/3329d2fb-gp0su07aa-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/3329d2fb-gp0su07aa-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/3329d2fb-gp0su07aa-510x340.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">April 2024: Greenpeace protest against a bunker vessel fuelling the Russian shadow fleet off the Swedish island of Gotland.<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Will Rose<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>This dynamic helps explain why <a href=\"https:\/\/ceobs.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/int_law.pdf\">conflicts around fossil fuel infrastructure so often become ecological emergencies<\/a>. During the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/dec\/11\/the-sound-of-roaring-fires-is-still-in-my-memory-30-years-on-from-kuwaits-oil-blazes\">1991 Gulf war, burning Kuwaiti oil wells blackened skies and polluted land and water on a massive scale<\/a>. More recently, Greenpeace Germany warned that the US-Israel war on Iran, and the retaliatory strikes that followed across the Gulf, left more than <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/81999\/hormuz-oil-tanker-leak-iran\/\">85 large oil tankers trapped in the Persian Gulf<\/a> and sharply increased the risk of an oil spill. Local communities would pay that long-term price first, with any spill threatening livelihoods as well as fragile marine ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass meadows, for decades. The environmental threat is built into an energy system that concentrates risk in a handful of highly flammable, highly polluting sites.<\/p>\n\n<p>Fossil fuels do not only worsen the damage once fighting begins. They can also shape the motives, incentives and power struggles that make conflict more likely in the first place. President <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/80551\/greenpeace-international-protection-venezuelan-people-amid-oil-driven-us-intervention\/\">Donald Trump\u2019s illegal military action against Venezuela was tied to control of its oil industry<\/a>, after he said the US would be \u201cvery strongly involved\u201d in Venezuela\u2019s oil sector. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2026\/01\/05\/a-fossil-fuelled-war-trumps-plans-to-exploit-venezuelas-oil-reserves-sparks-climate-backla\">Venezuela holds the largest proven crude oil reserves in the world<\/a> and warned that the crisis must not be exploited for short-term oil profiteering or extractive gain by foreign governments or corporations.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a783692f-image.png\" title=\"Oil well fires, south of Kuwait City, 1991. Photo was taken from inside a UH-60 Blackhawk.\" alt=\"Oil well fires, south of Kuwait City, 1991. Photo was taken from inside a UH-60 Blackhawk.\" class=\"wp-image-82203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a783692f-image.png 960w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a783692f-image-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a783692f-image-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/a783692f-image-453x340.png 453w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">1991: Oil well fires, south of Kuwait City. Photo was taken from inside a UH-60 Blackhawk. <strong>\u00a9<\/strong> EdJF \/ Creative Commons<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 EdJF \/ Creative Commons<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>A world organised around oil and gas makes communities and ecosystems expendable in the pursuit of strategic control and profit. That is why the environmental consequences of war cannot be separated from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/52988\/fossil-fuels-are-fuelling-war\/\">the political economy of fossil fuel extraction itself<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/48350\/yemen-fso-safer-oil-spill-red-sea\/\">Yemen\u2019s FSO Safer became one of the clearest examples<\/a> of that intersection between fossil fuels, humanitarian crisis and conflict. The abandoned tanker, carrying roughly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/52693\/fso-safer-yemen-oil-spill-waiting-hoping\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/52693\/fso-safer-yemen-oil-spill-waiting-hoping\/\">1.1 million barrels of oil, threatened a major Red Sea spill<\/a> for years while war blocked proper maintenance and response. That immediate catastrophe has now been averted because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/60747\/un-operation-to-make-safe-big-oil-abandoned-fso-safer-in-the-red-sea-begins\/\">a UN-led operation removed the oil<\/a> and transferred it to safer long-term storage. But the Safer crisis showed how a single neglected piece of fossil fuel infrastructure in a war zone can endanger fisheries, food deliveries, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/52094\/fso-safer-tanker-could-trigger-major-oil-disaster-study-shows\/\">coastal livelihoods and marine biodiversity across an entire region<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/02435fe5-gp0stwp3x.jpg\" title=\"FSO Safer and Ndeavor in the Red Sea. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Planet Labs PBC 2023\" alt=\"FSO Safer and Ndeavor in the Red Sea. \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Planet Labs PBC 2023\" class=\"wp-image-82217\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/02435fe5-gp0stwp3x.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/02435fe5-gp0stwp3x-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/02435fe5-gp0stwp3x-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/02435fe5-gp0stwp3x-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2026\/03\/02435fe5-gp0stwp3x-510x287.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">June 2023: Arrival of the tanker Ndeavor at the FSO Safer site to implement the salvage plan and offload more than one million barrels of oil. A vital step forward in avoiding a major human &amp; environmental disaster in the Red Sea.<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Greenpeace \/ Planet Labs PBC 2023<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Renewables are a security imperative<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>There is no sunlight stuck in the Strait of Hormuz, no wind held hostage by a tanker route. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/81935\/war-renewables-security-imperative-energy-mena-west-asia\/\">Distributed renewables are harder to bomb or blockade<\/a> than giant oil fields, pipelines and centralised thermal plants because they remove single points of failure from the energy system. A decentralised network of rooftop solar, batteries, local grids and efficiency measures can help keep <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/58111\/building-ukraine-resilience-green-reconstruction-horenka-hospital\/\">hospitals<\/a>, schools and homes functioning even when national infrastructure is attacked or fuel imports are disrupted.<\/p>\n\n<p>That is why <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/opinion\/article\/2022\/07\/01\/antonio-guterres-renewable-energy-is-the-guarantor-of-peace-in-the-21st-century_5988582_23.html\">the energy transition should also be understood as a security and resilience strategy<\/a>. Countries generating power from their own sun and wind are less vulnerable to shipping disruptions, fuel price shocks and political blackmail tied to oil and gas imports. Local renewables cannot stop a war, but they can reduce the leverage of fossil fuel cartels, keep essential services running and lower the environmental damage that comes from defending centralised, combustible infrastructure.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2025\/02\/dbf19be1-gp1sx7yd.jpg\" title=\"Peace - not Oil - Protest against Russian Oil in Poland. \u00a9 Greenpeace\" alt=\"Peace - not Oil - Protest against Russian Oil in Poland. \u00a9 Greenpeace\" class=\"wp-image-73021\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2025\/02\/dbf19be1-gp1sx7yd.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2025\/02\/dbf19be1-gp1sx7yd-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2025\/02\/dbf19be1-gp1sx7yd-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2025\/02\/dbf19be1-gp1sx7yd-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/static\/planet4-international-stateless\/2025\/02\/dbf19be1-gp1sx7yd-510x340.jpg 510w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">March 2022: Protest against Russian Oil in Poland. Greenpeace activists from Poland painted the slogan &#8220;PEACE NOT OIL&#8221; on the side of the Andromeda, a tanker transporting oil from Russia to Poland.<div class=\"credit icon-left\"> \u00a9 Greenpeace<\/div><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p>War and conflict do not only kill people. They also poison water, damage soil, foul the air and destroy the systems that make everyday life possible. Naming that devastation matters, because <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/story\/45302\/what-does-safety-mean-to-you\/\">peace is not only the absence of bombs<\/a> but the possibility of living on safe, healthy and habitable land, something <a href=\"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/press-release\/77262\/international-court-justice-historic-advisory-opinion-climate-impacts\/\">now recognised in the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<p>Moving away from fossil fuels can help make that future more possible by reducing both environmental harm and the dangerous dependencies that so often intensify conflict.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-cta\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"#comments\">Tell us what you think!<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The environmental impacts of the war on Iran and Lebanon illustrate again that war does not only kill people and destroy homes. It also damages the systems that make life possible. Water, climate, biodiversity are all harmed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"featured_media":82212,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_planet4_optimize_post_is_variant":false,"_planet4_optimize_experiment_name":"","_planet4_optimize_variant_name":"","ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"Political &amp; Business","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[73],"tags":[90],"p4-page-type":[59],"class_list":["post-82201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-social-and-economic-systems","tag-peace","p4-page-type-story"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/130"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=82201"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82262,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82201\/revisions\/82262"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/82212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=82201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=82201"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/international\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=82201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}