{"id":18949,"date":"2023-06-28T17:38:19","date_gmt":"2023-06-28T15:38:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/luxembourg\/?p=18949"},"modified":"2026-03-06T17:38:11","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T15:38:11","slug":"compensation-carbone-veritable-solution-pour-le-climat-ou-greenwashing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/luxembourg\/fr\/actualites\/18949\/compensation-carbone-veritable-solution-pour-le-climat-ou-greenwashing\/","title":{"rendered":"Compensation carbone : v\u00e9ritable solution pour le climat ou greenwashing ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La compensation carbone est tendance : m\u00eame les compagnies a\u00e9riennes s\u2019y mettent<\/a>. Alors, v\u00e9ritable outil de limitation du r\u00e9chauffement climatique ou vaste arnaque marketing ?

1. La compensation carbone, c\u2019est quoi ?<\/strong>

La compensation carbone repose sur un principe simple : il serait possible pour une personne, une entreprise, voire m\u00eame un \u00c9tat, de contrebalancer les \u00e9missions \u00ab irr\u00e9ductibles \u00bb  li\u00e9es \u00e0 ses activit\u00e9s en absorbant le CO\u2082 rejet\u00e9 dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. <\/p>\n\n

Concr\u00e8tement, il s\u2019agit pour une entreprise (ou un particulier, un \u00c9tat, etc.) d’acheter des \u00ab cr\u00e9dits carbone \u00bb en finan\u00e7ant un projet qui r\u00e9duit ou capture des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) \u2014 un projet de plantation d\u2019arbres par exemple. Gr\u00e2ce aux cr\u00e9dits obtenus, l\u2019entreprise s\u2019approprie la baisse d’\u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre d\u2019un autre organisme, ce qui lui permet de justifier d\u2019une compensation de tout ou d\u2019une partie de ses  propres \u00e9missions (qu\u2019elle continue pourtant de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer via ses activit\u00e9s).

2. Greenwashing, encore et toujours<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

En fait, on encourage les entreprises \u00e0 compenser leurs \u00e9missions plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 les r\u00e9duire. Au lieu de s\u2019attaquer \u00e0 son mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique et \u00e0 remettre en question ses activit\u00e9s, et ainsi agir v\u00e9ritablement contre l\u2019urgence climatique, une entreprise va ainsi plut\u00f4t choisir de reverser une (petite) partie de ses b\u00e9n\u00e9fices dans des projets \u00ab verts \u00bb, histoire de se racheter une vertue et de d\u00e9tourner l\u2019attention du grand public. Comme s\u2019il \u00e9tait possible de d\u00e9truire et de prot\u00e9ger la plan\u00e8te ! En v\u00e9rit\u00e9, ce n\u2019est, comme souvent, rien de plus que du greenwashing<\/a>.

3. Les \u00c9tats du Sud, grands perdants du m\u00e9canisme<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Comme toujours, ce sont les plus pauvres qui payent pour les plus riches. Les projets qui voient le jour \u00ab gr\u00e2ce \u00bb \u00e0 la compensation carbone le font souvent aux d\u00e9pens des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement, avec des cons\u00e9quences sur la biodiversit\u00e9 (plantation d\u2019esp\u00e8ces non-locales, monocultures\u2026) comme sur les droits humains (expropriation, non consultation des populations locales). 

Selon un rapport d\u2019Oxfam<\/a>, l\u2019explosion des engagements \u00ab z\u00e9ro \u00e9mission nette \u00bb pourrait multiplier la demande en terres et entra\u00eener non seulement des d\u00e9placements de masse mais aussi mettre en p\u00e9ril la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire de tr\u00e8s nombreuses personnes.  Ce m\u00eame rapport estime que la superficie totale requise pour stocker le carbone pourrait \u00eatre cinq fois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la superficie de l\u2019Inde.

Les pays \u00e0 faible revenus, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire non seulement les premi\u00e8res victimes du r\u00e9chauffement climatique, mais aussi celles qui y participent le moins, se retrouvent donc \u00e0 payer le prix fort des activit\u00e9s des pays les plus industrialis\u00e9s. C\u2019est un probl\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9thique et de justice climatique<\/a>. 

4. La plantation d’arbres, instrument phare de la compensation carbone, est-elle efficace ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

Plantation d\u2019arbre, reforestation, aforestation\u2026 autant de projets souvent mis en exergue pour r\u00e9duire ou s\u00e9questrer le carbone. Pourtant, cet instrument phare de la compensation carbone est largement discutable. D\u2019abord car il y a un d\u00e9calage temporel incompressible entre le moment o\u00f9 la pollution est effectu\u00e9e et le temps n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 compenser cette pollution via la croissance d\u2019un arbre. Une tonne de CO2 \u00e9mise en 2023 ne serait \u201ccompens\u00e9e\u201d par la plantation de nouveaux arbres que  des d\u00e9cennies plus tard, dans le meilleur des cas, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le temps que les arbres nouvellement plant\u00e9s captent le carbone au fil de leur croissance. A condition que les arbres ne meurent pas pr\u00e9matur\u00e9ment (lors d\u2019incendies par exemple) et donc qu\u2019ils parviennent bien \u00e0 capter le carbone comme initialement projet\u00e9.

De plus, la question des cons\u00e9quences n\u00e9gatives des projets de plantation d\u2019arbres se pose aussi. Il y a en effet des risques importants d\u2019appauvrissement de la biodiversit\u00e9 (en modifiant un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me en une plantation d\u2019arbres, souvent des monocultures).

Enfin, il est tr\u00e8s difficile de quantifier pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment le carbone \u201ccompens\u00e9\u201d par telle ou telle action. Sans analyses pr\u00e9cises, comment est-il possible de mesurer l\u2019impact r\u00e9el de la compensation carbone sur le climat ?

5. Il n\u2019y a pas que le CO\u2082 dans la vie<\/strong>

Malheureusement, on ne peut se contenter de r\u00e9duire les activit\u00e9s climaticides d\u2019un organisme ou d\u2019une entreprise \u00e0 ses seules \u00e9missions de CO\u2082. Les entreprises polluantes ne rejettent pas seulement des gaz \u00e0 effet de serre dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, elles menacent \u00e9galement l\u2019environnement en d\u00e9r\u00e9glant, en d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant ou en d\u00e9truisant les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes. Elles nuisent \u00e0 la biodiversit\u00e9 en impactant les esp\u00e8ces animales et v\u00e9g\u00e9tales<\/a> et menacent la sant\u00e9 et les droits humains. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n

La compensation carbone ne se contente pas de fermer les yeux sur tout ce qui n\u2019est pas le CO\u2082, elle dissimule ces p\u00e9rils bien r\u00e9els. 

6. R\u00e9duire, pas juste compenser !<\/strong>

Bien que le GIEC <\/a>estime que le pi\u00e9geage et le stockage du carbone soient indispensables \u00e0 la limitation du r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire, il n\u2019est pas question de prendre \u00e7a pour invitation \u00e0 toujours \u00e9mettre plus. 

Le CO\u2082 s\u2019accumule dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et il faut bien entendu compenser les GES d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9mis. Nous n\u2019avons pas le choix entre r\u00e9duire et compenser : r\u00e9pondre aux enjeux climatiques et atteindre les objectifs fix\u00e9s par l\u2019accord de Paris sur la protection du climat passe par les deux.<\/p>\n\n

Nos gouvernements doivent contraindre, de toute urgence, les entreprises \u00e0 se fixer des objectifs concrets de r\u00e9duction de leurs \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (et pas seulement en surface, via des cr\u00e9dits carbone !). Plus un seul euro<\/a> ne doit tomber dans les poches des entreprises polluantes. C\u2019est une question de survie.<\/p>\n\n

La transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, \u00e9conomique et sociale de nos moyens de production et de consommation ne doit plus \u00eatre remise \u00e0 demain si on esp\u00e8re voir ce lendemain se lever pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures. Notre addiction aux \u00e9nergies fossiles ne peut plus durer.<\/p>\n\n

\n\n

Ce blog est une adaptation de cet article<\/a>. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La compensation carbone est tendance : m\u00eame les compagnies a\u00e9riennes s\u2019y mettent. Alors, v\u00e9ritable outil de limitation du r\u00e9chauffement climatique ou vaste arnaque marketing ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":18952,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"Compensation carbone : v\u00e9ritable solution pour le climat ou greenwashing ?","p4_og_description":"La compensation carbone est \u00e0 la mode, m\u00eame chez les compagnies a\u00e9riennes. 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