{"id":3106,"date":"2019-09-24T11:00:06","date_gmt":"2019-09-24T03:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/?p=3106"},"modified":"2024-05-28T20:47:34","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T13:47:34","slug":"3106","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/publication\/3106\/3106\/","title":{"rendered":"Indonesian Forest Fires Crisis: Palm oil and pulp companies with largest burned land areas are going unpunished\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><em>&#8220;We have taken law enforcement steps. Both individuals and corporations, we have taken strict measures against everyone.&#8221;<\/em><br \/>\n&#8211; President Joko Widodo, 18 September 2019<\/h3>\n<h3><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h3>\n<h3><em>&#8220;We must enforce the law without fear or favour. Even the richest person in Indonesia, if they do wrong, they\u2019re wrong.&#8221;<\/em><br \/>\n&#8211; Luhut Panjaitan, then Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs, 21 October 2015<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A total of 3,403,000 hectares (ha) of land burned between the years 2015 and 2018 in Indonesia,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> according to analysis of official government burn scar data.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2015 alone more than 2,600,000 ha of land burned. The fires that ravaged Indonesia in 2015 are considered one of the greatest environmental disasters of the 21st century so far. The World Bank estimates that the 2015 fires crisis cost Indonesia US$16 billion in losses to forestry, agriculture, tourism and other industries. The haze caused respiratory and other illnesses in hundreds of thousands of people across the region and, according to one study, likely led to over 100,000 premature deaths.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indonesian government responded with a series of commitments to prevent another such crisis and promises to hold to account those responsible, including companies that had fires on their land. Indonesia has strict corporate liability in relation to forest fires, meaning that <\/span><b>forestry, plantation or mining companies are legally responsible for any fires on their land, regardless of the ignition source<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greenpeace Indonesia<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> mapping analysis using official government data, combined with data on government action taken against companies which had fires on their land, confirms that almost none of the palm oil and pulp companies whose concessions had the largest areas of burned land have been punished through serious government sanctions.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Key findings:\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Palm oil<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only two of the dozen palm oil groups that had the largest areas of burned land in their concessions between 2015 and 2018 received any serious civil\/administrative sanctions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">None of the 10 palm oil concessions in Indonesia that had the largest total burned area between 2015 and 2018 has received serious civil\/administrative sanctions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No palm oil companies had their licences revoked by the government for forest fires between 2015 and 2018. The three cases where licences were revoked were all industrial timber plantation (HTI)\/pulp concessions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pulp<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An area larger than Singapore burned in a concession linked to Sinar Mas\/Asia Pulp &amp; Paper (APP) between 2015 and 2018. This concession, which had the largest total burned area across Indonesia, only received a serious civil\/administrative sanction for replanting in previously burned areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sinar Mas\/APP\u2013related company had fires on its land in every year between 2015 and 2018 but has received no serious civil\/administrative sanctions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another Sinar Mas\/APP\u2013related company was taken to court because of fires on approximately 20,000 ha of its land in 2014. It lost this civil court case, but has reportedly still not paid the compensation owed.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2015, more than 60,000 ha in the same concession burned. However, the only serious civil\/administrative sanction the company received that year was for replanting in previously burned areas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An APRIL\/RGE\u2013related company has seen its concession land burn every year since 2015, including in 2019.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the 2015\u20132018 period it received serious civil\/administrative sanctions just twice. A criminal investigation against numerous companies, including this one, was stopped by police in 2016 due to insufficient evidence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Government legal action and sanctions against companies that had forest fires on their land<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Government sanctions against companies for forest fires are applied following either a civil, administrative route or through criminal process. Civil and administrative cases can result in orders to pay compensation (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ganti rugi<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), often referred to in the media as fines (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">denda<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Other sanctions involve revoking licences (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pencabutan izin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), freezing licences (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pembekuan izin<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) or issuance of government compliance orders (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">paksaan pemerintah<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Warning letters (known as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">teguran tertulis<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) are also frequently sent to companies. The evidence-gathering stage prior to issuance of administrative sanctions is sometimes marked by the sealing (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">penyegelan<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) of recently burned land, during which time the company is prohibited from carrying out activities on the sealed area.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> For sanctions to be lifted, companies need to take certain actions to improve their practices in the concession areas that have been sanctioned. Information about what sort of actions companies must take or whether those actions have been taken is usually not available to nongovernmental organisation (NGO) stakeholders.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Indonesian government has claimed significant progress in holding companies to account for forest fires and has regularly referred to winning civil court cases where companies have been ordered to pay hundreds of millions of dollars in compensation. However, a Greenpeace investigation earlier in 2019 showed that not one of the companies ordered to pay compensation for forest fires had actually paid the compensation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The successful prosecution of the Sinar Mas\/APP\u2013related company PT Bumi Mekar Hijau for fires in its concession during 2014 was based on the principle of strict liability.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> However, apart from this case, the government has made practically no use of this principle in its actions against companies whose concessions have the largest burned areas or burn most frequently.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a02017 the Indonesian Palm Oil Association (Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia; GAPKI) and Indonesian Association for Forest Concession Holders (Asosiasi Pengusaha Hutan Indonesia; APHI) attempted to have this principle struck down by the Constitutional Court,<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> without success. The strict liability provision remains in Indonesian law.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A 2018 Ministry of Environment and Forestry presentation provides some details about the sanctions that were issued between 2015 and October 2018.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> According to the same presentation, criminal charges (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pidana<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) were brought in 11 cases;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the outcomes of these charges were not reported.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>How was this analysis undertaken?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greenpeace made a series of Freedom of Information requests at the end of 2018 to obtain details about government sanction cases, including the names of the companies that had received administrative and criminal sanctions. The information in this briefing is based on data regarding the more serious sanctions provided by the Indonesian government in July 2019.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The data provided did not include details of warning letters nor all details of the criminal sanctions, so these are not included in this analysis. Greenpeace has again requested this data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 2015 the Government of Indonesia has also been producing an annual official burn scar map, which enables the analysis of burned areas year by year in different regions and across Indonesia. Burn scar maps covering the period up until the end of 2018 have recently been published.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Figures about burn scar in this briefing have been rounded up or down to the nearest hundred hectares.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Accurate company concession data is not readily available in Indonesia, and despite ongoing efforts by NGOs to press the government to release this data progress has been extremely limited. However, Greenpeace and other NGOs have been able to compile \u2018best available\u2019 nationwide concession data from a variety of sources for industries including palm oil and pulp and paper. While all reasonable effort has been made to ensure that the concession data is accurate, because of the different data sources and lack of government and company transparency there may be some inaccuracies. Groups were provided with the opportunity to comment prior to publication, on condition they provided evidence to support any changes to our findings.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Making use of official burn scar data and best available concession data, it is possible to identify which concessions in Indonesia had the most burned area between 2015 and 2018, which burned during each of those years and which companies or groups<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> had the most burned concession land amongst their holdings. By cross-checking that information with details of companies sanctioned it is also possible to identify whether serious civil\/administrative sanctions have been issued to the palm oil and pulp companies and groups which had the largest areas of burned land in their concessions. This briefing summarises the results of that analysis, focusing on the period 2015\u20132018 and looking first at palm oil and then HTI\/pulp. Forest fires related to the role of other industries, such as in logging or mining concessions, have not been considered. The fires season of 2019 is not included because it is still continuing and because official burn scar data for this year are not yet available, but data on fire hotspots identified to date are provided in the appendix. Note that new claims have been made by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry about administrative and other sanctions issued during 2019.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<strong>Palm oil<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nine of the dozen palm oil groups that had the largest areas of burned land in their concessions between 2015 and 2018 did not receive any serious civil\/administrative sanctions. Astonishingly, none of the palm oil concessions that had the largest burned areas and only one that burned every year during this period received serious government sanctions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Palm oil groups that had the largest burned area across their concessions in 2015<\/i>\u2013<i>2018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Palm oil group\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total approximate burned area in ha<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Serious civil\/administrative sanctions<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sungai Budi\/Tunas Baru Lampung<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16,500<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakrie<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16,500<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best Agro Plantation<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13,700<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LIPPO<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13,000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Korindo<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11,500<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fangiono Family<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9,200<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genting<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8,100<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amara<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8,000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salim<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7,800<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SIPEF<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7,300<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gama<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7,300<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Citra Borneo Indah<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6,800<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">* <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Zero sanctions for palm oil. An HTI concession controlled by Korindo, PT Korintiga Hutani, was sanctioned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only two of the 12 palm oil groups that had the largest total burned area in their concessions between 2015 and 2018 have received serious civil\/administrative sanctions from the government. A fourth group, Korindo, received sanctions for an HTI\/pulpwood plantation in Kalimantan, PT Korintiga Hutani, but not for fires in its palm oil concessions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All but two of these groups have had significant numbers of fire hotspots identified in their concessions this year.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Palm oil companies whose concessions had the largest burned area in 2015\u20132018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Group<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total approximate burned area in ha<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Serious civil\/administrative sanctions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Samora Usaha Jaya (A), South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sungai Budi\/Tunas Baru Lampung<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15,800<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Monrad Intan Barakat, South Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakrie<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8,100<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Katingan Mujur Sejahtera, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LIPPO<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7,600<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bangun Cipta Mitra Perkasa, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best Agro Plantation<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7,400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Subur Maju Makmur, South Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amara<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5,700<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Dendy Marker Indah Lestari, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SIPEF<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5,500<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Karya Luhur Sejati, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best Agro Plantation<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5,400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Pagatan Usaha Makmur, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LIPPO<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5,400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Dongin Prabhawa, Papua<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Korindo<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5,200<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Globalindo Agung Lestari, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genting\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5,000\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not one of the\u00a0 palm oil company concessions\u00a0 on the list of those with the largest burned area between 2015 and 2018 (more than 5,000 ha) received serious civil\/administrative sanctions from the government.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Seven of these companies have had significant numbers of fire hotspots identified in their concessions this year.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Palm oil companies with largest burned area among concessions which burned every year in 2015\u20132018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Group<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total approximate burned area in ha<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Serious civil\/administrative sanctions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Monrad Intan Barakat, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">South Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakrie<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8,100<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sandabi Indah Lestari, Central Sulawesi<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sandabi<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3,900<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sindora Seraya (Block I), Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Panca Eka<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2,600<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sebukit Inter Nusa, West Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sioeng<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2,400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Surya Dumai Agrindo, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fangiono Family\/First Resources<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2,400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0*<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">* Fangiono\/First Resources was sanctioned for fires in other concessions, but not the ones that appear in this list.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only one of the palm oil concessions that burned every year between 2015 and 2018 and saw a total of over 2,000 ha burn received serious sanctions: PT Sindora Seraya was issued with a government compliance order in 2016. Fangiono\/First Resources<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has received serious sanctions by the government on a number of occasions, but not for PT Surya Dumai Agrindo, the concession that features on the list of those which burned each year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of the companies on this list, four have had significant numbers of fire hotspots identified in their concessions this year.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Pulp sector<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the pulp sector, there is some relationship between groups that had the largest areas of burned land in their concessions and serious government sanctions. However, the sanctions do not match well with the concessions that had the largest burned areas or burned every year.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Pulp groups that had the largest burned area across their concessions in 2015\u20132018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Pulp group<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total approximate burned area in ha<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Concessions or companies sanctioned<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sinar Mas (APP, suppliers and affiliates)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">257,900<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total number of sanctions: 10<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Buana Megatama Jaya <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(licence temporarily frozen, 2015)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Mekar Hijau<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (licence temporarily frozen, 2015<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Mega Alam Sentosa <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(licence revoked, 2015)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT SBA Wood Industries <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(licence temporarily frozen, 2015)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Wira Karya Sakti <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2015)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Andalas Permai <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sekato Pratama Makmur <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Tri Pupajaya <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bina Duta Laksana <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2017)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Rimba Mandau Lestari <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2017)<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhutani\/Inhutani and related companies\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 89,800<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total number of sanctions: 2<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Arangan Hutani Lestari <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Samhutani <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RGE (APRIL, RAPP, suppliers and affiliates<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 55,600<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total number of sanctions: 12<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Hutani Sola Lestari <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(licence revoked, 2015)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT ITCI Hutani Manunggal <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2015)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Rimba Lazuardi <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2015)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Riang Lestari Blok IV <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(licence temporarily frozen, 2015; government compliance order, 2017)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT RAPP (Pelalawan) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT RAPP Blok Meranti <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Rimba Rokan Lestari <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Silva Lestari <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Wahana Lestari Makmur Sukses <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2016)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT RAPP Blok Pelalawan <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2017)<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bukit Betabuh Sei Indah <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(government compliance order, 2018)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The pulp group that had the largest burned area in its Indonesian concessions between 2015 and 2018 was Sinar Mas\/APP, with the majority of the burning taking place in South Sumatra in 2015. The single concession that had the most area burned in Indonesia during this period, PT Bumi Andalas Permai (see below), is related to Sinar Mas\/APP. Numerous serious civil\/administrative sanctions were imposed on Sinar Mas\/APP\u2013related companies and concessions during the 2015\u20132018 period \u2013 a total of 10 \u2013 but there does not appear to be a consistent link between the concessions with the largest burned areas or which burned every year (see the following tables) and those which received sanctions. The government-owned Perhutani\/Inhutani and related companies had the second-largest area of burned land in its concessions during this period, but received just two serious civil\/administrative sanctions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Pulp companies whose concessions had the largest total burned area in 2015<\/i>\u2013<i>201<\/i>8<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Group<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total approximate burned area in ha<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Serious civil\/administrative sanctions\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Andalas Permai, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sinar Mas Forestry\u2013affiliated<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">81,900<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Musi Hutan Persada, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marubeni Corp<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">73,000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Mekar Hijau, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sinar Mas Forestry\u2013affiliated<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">63,400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT SBA Wood Industries, South Sumatra\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sinar Mas Forestry\u2013affiliated<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">47,800<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Paramitra Mulia Langgeng, South Sumatra\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sungai Budi<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15,000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Riang Lestari, Riau\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">APRIL-affiliated (RGE)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14,700<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Selaras Inti Semesta, Papua\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medco<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14,300<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Silva Lestari, Riau\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">APRIL-affiliated (RGE)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11,600<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Arara Abadi, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sinar Mas Forestry<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11,500<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eight of these companies have had significant numbers of fire hotspots identified in their concessions this year.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Pulp companies with largest burned area among concessions which burned every year in 2015<\/i>\u2013<i>2018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Group<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total approximate burned area in ha<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Serious civil\/administrative sanctions<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Riang Lestari, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">APRIL-affiliated (RGE)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14,700<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Silva Lestari, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">APRIL-affiliated (RGE)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11,600<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Arara Abadi, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sinar Mas Forestry<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11,500<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Plasma Nutfah Marind Papua, Papua\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moorim<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7,400<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two of these companies have had significant numbers of fire hotspots identified in their concessions this year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Whilst there is a clearer relationship between pulp groups and concessions that had larger burned areas and received serious civil\/administrative sanctions, there are also some troubling discrepancies. The most significant of these are as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Andalas Permai (Sinar Mas\/APP)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT BAP had the single largest burned area of any concession in Indonesia between 2015 and 2018, across all commodities, with most of the land being burned in 2015. During this four-year period a total of 81,800 ha within the concession burned \u2013 an area larger than Singapore.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> However, the only serious civil\/administrative sanction imposed on PT BAP was a government compliance order in 2016 due to replanting on land that burned in 2015.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Mekar Hijau (Sinar Mas\/APP)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT BMH had the third-largest burned area of any concession in Indonesia between 2015 and 2018. Approximately 63,000 ha within the concession burned in 2015.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following earlier fires in 2014 covering approximately 20,000 ha within the PT BMH concession, civil court action was taken against the company by the Indonesian government. The company lost that case but has reportedly still not paid the compensation owed.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 2015 and 2018 the only serious civil\/administrative sanction BT BMH received was a temporary license suspension for replanting on previously burned land after the 2015 fires.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Arara Abadi (Sinar Mas\/APP)\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 2015\u20132018 period land burned every year in areas controlled by PT AA, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">but it has received no serious civil\/administrative sanctions from the government.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Riang Lestari (APRIL\/RGE)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 2015\u20132018 period land burned every year in areas controlled by PT SRL<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The company had fires on its land for the fifth year running in early 2019.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PT SRL has received serious civil\/administrative sanctions only twice, although the Ministry of Environment and Forestry has recently sealed part of its land.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A criminal investigation against the company was dropped in 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Silva Lestari (APRIL\/RGE)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the 2015\u20132018 period land burned every year in areas controlled by <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT SSL, but it has received serious civil\/administrative sanctions only once.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<strong>Conclusions<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As this analysis shows, many of the palm oil and pulp groups with the largest burned areas in their concessions have either not received any serious civil\/administrative sanctions, or have had sanctions imposed that do not appear to fit with the level or frequency of burning. There is almost no evidence to suggest that the Indonesian government is applying the principle of strict liability against the companies and groups that had the largest burned areas of land or whose concessions burned most frequently. If action is not being taken on this basis, then questions must surely be asked of the government about what is driving its actions against companies that had fires on their land.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Only two of the 12 palm oil groups with the most burned area across their concessions between 2015 and 2018 received serious civil\/administrative sanctions. Gama \u2013 last on the list of groups whose concessions had the most burned area overall \u2013 was sanctioned four times for burning in four different concessions during this period. Startlingly, of the individual palm oil concessions that had the largest burned area over the 2015\u20132018 period, not a single one received serious civil\/administrative sanctions. Of the five concessions that had the most land burn during this period and burned every year, only one was sanctioned.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Turning to the pulp sector, the most significant findings relate to Sinar Mas\/APP, the group whose concessions had the largest overall burned area in Indonesia and which is affiliated with the concession that had the single largest burned area. Whilst this group received a total of 10 serious government sanctions between 2015 and 2018, some significant questions are raised by when and where these sanctions were applied. It is strange that PT Bumi Mekar Hijau had court action taken against it for fires on its land in 2014 covering approximately 20,000 ha, but faced no court action for fires covering much larger areas in 2015. Instead, the only sanction connected to the 2015 fires that PT BMH received was for later replanting in burned areas. Similarly, BT Bumi Andalas Permai, the concession with the largest burned area across the whole of Indonesia during this four-year period, was only sanctioned once for replanting in previously burned areas in 2015, and not for the fires themselves.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking at companies that had concession land burn every year, PT Arara Abadi, part of the Sinar Mas\/APP group, received no sanctions; nor did Moorim-controlled <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Plasma Nutfah Marind Papua<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. PT Sumatera Rimba Lestari, linked to APRIL\/RGE, had concession land burn every year from 2015\u20132018 (and again in 2019) but received serious civil\/administrative sanctions only twice. PT Sumatera Silva Lestari, also linked to APRIL\/RGE, was sanctioned only once during this four-year period.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Government of Indonesia claims to be serious about enforcing the law around forest fires, holding companies to account for fires on their land and deterring future fires. But this intention is not being implemented through a consistent and escalating use of serious civil\/administrative sanctions against the offending companies. Even when the most serious sanctions are applied, in the form of court action against companies who had fires on their land, there is little evidence of enforcement. None of the compensation owed by these companies for forest fires has been paid, suggesting that they can continue to operate with impunity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Appendix<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This appendix reports on the incidence of fire hotspots to date in the 2019 fires season, in all concessions associated with the palm oil groups that had the largest burned area across their concessions in 2015\u20132018 and in the palm oil and pulp concessions with the largest burned areas during this period. Fire hotspot data was calculated on 16 September 2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Palm oil groups that had the largest burned area across their concessions in 2015<\/i>\u2013<i>2018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Group<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total fire hotspots up to 16 September 2019<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sungai Budi\/Tunas Baru Lampung<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">274<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakrie<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">233<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Best Agro Plantation<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">53<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LIPPO<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">60<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Korindo<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fangiono<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">252<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genting<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">434<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amara<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Salim\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">217<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gama<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">355<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SIPEF<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">201<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Citra Borneo Indah<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">92<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Palm oil companies whose concessions had the largest burned area in 2015\u20132018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total fire hotspots up to 16 September 2019<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Samora Usaha Jaya (A), South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Monrad Intan Barakat, South Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">103<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Katingan Mujur Sejahtera, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bangun Cipta Mitra Perkasa, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">87<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Subur Maju Makmur, South Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">72<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Dendy Marker Indah Lestari, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">182<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Karya Luhur Sejati, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">23<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Pagatan Usaha Makmur, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Dongin Prabhawa, Papua<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Globalindo Agung Lestari, Central Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">297<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Palm oil companies with largest burned area among concessions which burned every year in 2015\u20132018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total fire hotspots up to 16 September 2019<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Monrad Intan Barakat, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">South Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">103<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sandabi Indah Lestari, Central Sulawesi<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sindora Seraya (Block I), Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sebukit Inter Nusa, West Kalimantan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">70<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Surya Dumai Agrindo, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">69<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Pulp companies whose concessions had the largest total burned area in 2015<\/i>\u2013<i>201<\/i>8<\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total fire hotspots up to 16 September 2019<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Andalas Permai, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">39<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Musi Hutan Persada, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">273<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bumi Mekar Hijau, South Sumatra<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">117<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT SBA Wood Industries, South Sumatra\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Paramitra Mulia Langgeng, South Sumatra\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">83<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Riang Lestari, Riau\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">483<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Selaras Inti Semesta, Papua\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Silva Lestari, Riau\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Arara Abadi, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">234<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><i>Pulp companies with largest burned area among concessions which burned every year in 2015<\/i>\u2013<i>2018<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Company\/location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Total fire hotspots up to 16 September 2019<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Riang Lestari, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">483<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Sumatera Silva Lestari, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Arara Abadi, Riau<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">234<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Plasma Nutfah Marind Papua, Papua\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>References<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ayu R (2019a) \u2018Data lengkap 27 perusahaan yang kena segel KLH karena diduga picu kebakaran hutan\u2019 29 August 2019 Tribunnews.com <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tribunnews.com\/nasional\/2019\/08\/29\/data-lengkap-27-perusahaan-yang-kena-segel-klh-karena-diduga-picu-kebakaran-hutan\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.tribunnews.com\/nasional\/2019\/08\/29\/data-lengkap-27-perusahaan-yang-kena-segel-klh-karena-diduga-picu-kebakaran-hutan<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ayu R (2019b) \u2018Selama proses pulbaket itu, perusahaan sementara dilarang melakukan kegiatan apapun di lahan yang telah disegel\u2019 29 August 2019 Tribunnews.com <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tribunnews.com\/nasional\/2019\/08\/29\/data-lengkap-27-perusahaan-yang-kena-segel-klh-karena-diduga-picu-kebakaran-hutan\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.tribunnews.com\/nasional\/2019\/08\/29\/data-lengkap-27-perusahaan-yang-kena-segel-klh-karena-diduga-picu-kebakaran-hutan<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CIA World Factbook \u2018Singapore\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/sn.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/sn.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greenpeace International (2018) \u2018Final countdown\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/finalcountdown\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">www.greenpeace.org\/finalcountdown<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gumilang P (2015) \u2018Luhut soal kebakaran hutan: Ini terparah dalam sejarah RI\u2019 21 October 2015 CNN Indonesia <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnnindonesia.com\/nasional\/20151021133853-20-86337\/luhut-soal-kebakaran-hutan-ini-terparah-dalam-sejarah-ri\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.cnnindonesia.com\/nasional\/20151021133853-20-86337\/luhut-soal-kebakaran-hutan-ini-terparah-dalam-sejarah-ri<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Harahap R (2016) \u2018Riau Police drops probe into 11 firms linked to forest fires\u2019 20 July 2016 Jakarta Post <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thejakartapost.com\/news\/2016\/07\/20\/riau-police-drops-probe-into-11-firms-linked-to-forest-fires.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.thejakartapost.com\/news\/2016\/07\/20\/riau-police-drops-probe-into-11-firms-linked-to-forest-fires.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jabar Forestry Service (2018) \u2018Pemerintah konsisten perangi kejahatan Lingkungan hidup dan kehutanan\u2019 9 October 2018 Dishut Jabar <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dishut.jabarprov.go.id\/index3.php?mod=detilBerita2&amp;idMenuKiri=&amp;idBerita=5986\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.dishut.jabarprov.go.id\/index3.php?mod=detilBerita2&amp;idMenuKiri=&amp;idBerita=5986<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Koalisi Anti Mafia Hutan et al (2018) \u2018Removing the corporate mask: An assessment of the ownership and management structures of Asia Pulp &amp; Paper\u2019s declared wood suppliers in Indonesia\u2019 30 May 2018 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/auriga.or.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Removing-the-corporate-mask.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/auriga.or.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Removing-the-corporate-mask.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Liputan6.com (2019) \u2018Jokowi: Segala usaha sudah dilakukan atasi karhutla\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18 September 2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liputan6.com\/news\/read\/4065260\/jokowi-segala-usaha-sudah-dilakukan-atasi-karhutla\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.liputan6.com\/news\/read\/4065260\/jokowi-segala-usaha-sudah-dilakukan-atasi-karhutla<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metrotvnews.com (2019) \u201848 perusahaan disegel karena kasus pembakaran hutan\u2019 16 September 2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.metrotvnews.com\/play\/b1oCXyYE-48-perusahaan-disegel-karena-kasus-pembakaran-hutan\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.metrotvnews.com\/play\/b1oCXyYE-48-perusahaan-disegel-karena-kasus-pembakaran-hutan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2018) \u2018Peningkatan stabilitas politik, hukum, keamanandan tata kelola pemerintahan\u2019 25 October 2018 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mongabay.co.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/presentasi-menteri.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.mongabay.co.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/presentasi-menteri.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ministry of Environment and Forestry (2019) \u2018Pemerintah terus lakukan upaya pencegahan, pengendalian, hingga penegakan Hukum Karhutla\u2019 29 August 2019 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/ppid.menlhk.go.id\/siaran_pers\/browse\/2085\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/ppid.menlhk.go.id\/siaran_pers\/browse\/2085<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mongabay Haze Beat (2016) \u2018As accusations fly, paper giant appears to stand by its replanting of burned peat in Sumatra\u2019 22 December 2016 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2016\/12\/as-accusations-fly-paper-giant-appears-to-stand-by-its-replanting-of-burned-peat-in-sumatra\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2016\/12\/as-accusations-fly-paper-giant-appears-to-stand-by-its-replanting-of-burned-peat-in-sumatra\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PT Bureau Veritas Indonesia (nd) \u2018Ringkasan publik persyaratan pengelolaan hutan lestari Indonesian Forestry Certification Cooperation (IFCC) PT Bumi Mekar Hijau propinsi Sumatera Selantan\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bureauveritas.com.co\/22aaa899-5eca-4946-a0b9-ee3aba69c714\/1763_IFCC+FM_FINAL+Public+Summary_BMH.pdf?MOD=AJPERES\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.bureauveritas.com.co\/22aaa899-5eca-4946-a0b9-ee3aba69c714\/1763_IFCC+FM_FINAL+Public+Summary_BMH.pdf?MOD=AJPERES<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Redaksi (2016) \u2018SP3 PT Sumatera Riang Lestari Harus Dicabut. Ini harus dicabut. Ini kesimpulan lengkap hasil sIdang praperadilan menurut Walhi\u2019 21 November 2016 SegmenNews <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.segmennews.com\/2016\/11\/21\/sp3-pt-sumatera-riang-lestari-harus-dicabut-ini-kesimpulan-lengkap-hasil-sidang-praperadilan-menurut-walhi\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.segmennews.com\/2016\/11\/21\/sp3-pt-sumatera-riang-lestari-harus-dicabut-ini-kesimpulan-lengkap-hasil-sidang-praperadilan-menurut-walhi\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restu Diantina Putri (2019) \u201811 perusahaan perusak lingkungan rugikan negara Rp18 triliun\u2019 15 February 2019 Tirto.id <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/tirto.id\/11-perusahaan-perusak-lingkungan-rugikan-negara-rp18-triliun-dgZ6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/tirto.id\/11-perusahaan-perusak-lingkungan-rugikan-negara-rp18-triliun-dgZ6<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RSPO (2017) \u2018RSPO membership rules 2016\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.rspo.org\/publications\/download\/638ae27c7f6b004\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.rspo.org\/publications\/download\/638ae27c7f6b004<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sanksi Administratif blog (2015) \u2018Makalah sanksi administratif\u2019 13 April 2015 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/sanksiadministratif.blogspot.com\/2015\/04\/makalah-sanksi-administratif.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/sanksiadministratif.blogspot.com\/2015\/04\/makalah-sanksi-administratif.html<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Saturi S &amp; Arumingtyas L (2017) \u2018Akhiri gugatan, APHI-GAPKI cabut uji materi UU lingkungan\u2019 12 June 2017 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mongabay.co.id\/2017\/06\/12\/akhiri-gugatan-aphi-gapki-cabut-uji-materi-uu-lingkungan\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.mongabay.co.id\/2017\/06\/12\/akhiri-gugatan-aphi-gapki-cabut-uji-materi-uu-lingkungan\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia (2016) \u2018Putusan PT Palembang nomor 51\/PDT\/2016\/PT.PLG tahun 2016\u2019 21 April 2016 Direktori Putusan <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id\/putusan\/71fbe5d456d01bb43b6b367bd633123d\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id\/putusan\/71fbe5d456d01bb43b6b367bd633123d<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tanjung BH (2019) \u2018Kebakaran hutan di Meranti Riau, BPBD keluhkan perusahaan tak bantu pemadaman\u2019 10 March 2019 Okezone <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/news.okezone.com\/read\/2019\/03\/10\/340\/2028100\/kebakaran-hutan-di-meranti-riau-bpbd-keluhkan-perusahaan-tak-bantu-pemadaman\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/news.okezone.com\/read\/2019\/03\/10\/340\/2028100\/kebakaran-hutan-di-meranti-riau-bpbd-keluhkan-perusahaan-tak-bantu-pemadaman<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Economist (2016) \u2018Despite tough talk, Indonesia\u2019s government is struggling to stem deforestation\u2019 26 November 2016 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.economist.com\/asia\/2016\/11\/26\/despite-tough-talk-indonesias-government-is-struggling-to-stem-deforestation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.economist.com\/asia\/2016\/11\/26\/despite-tough-talk-indonesias-government-is-struggling-to-stem-deforestation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wright S (2019) \u2018Indonesia land-burning fines unpaid years after fires\u2019 15 February 2019 AP News <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apnews.com\/bcfe710c0ec94fcdba9da3d0d40d8448\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.apnews.com\/bcfe710c0ec94fcdba9da3d0d40d8448<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"EmptyMessage\">Block content is empty. Check the block&#8217;s settings or remove it.<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A total of 3,403,000 hectares (ha) of land burned between the years 2015 and 2018 in Indonesia, according to analysis of official government burn scar data. In 2015 alone more than 2,600,000 ha of land burned. The fires that ravaged Indonesia in 2015 are considered one of the greatest environmental disasters of the 21st century so far.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":3100,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[8,82],"p4-page-type":[15],"class_list":["post-3106","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-forests","tag-consumption","tag-palm-oil","p4-page-type-publication"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3106","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3106"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3106\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44961,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3106\/revisions\/44961"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3100"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3106"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3106"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/southeastasia\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=3106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}