{"id":3404,"date":"2019-07-12T10:18:34","date_gmt":"2019-07-12T09:18:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/?p=3404"},"modified":"2023-02-23T16:52:59","modified_gmt":"2023-02-23T15:52:59","slug":"keelingkurvan-ska-vandas-nedat-nu-inte-om-60-ar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/artiklar\/skog\/keelingkurvan-ska-vandas-nedat-nu-inte-om-60-ar\/","title":{"rendered":"Keelingkurvan ska v\u00e4ndas ned\u00e5t nu, inte om 60 \u00e5r"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Skogen kan och b\u00f6r enligt Greenpeace vara en positivt bidragande pusselbit till v\u00e5r tids \u00f6desfr\u00e5gor: den globala upphettningen och s\u00f6nderfallet av ekosystem. F\u00f6r det kr\u00e4vs en stor omst\u00e4llning g\u00e4llande <i>vilken <\/i>skog vi avverkar, <i>hur <\/i>vi avverkar den och <i>vad <\/i>vi v\u00e4ljer att tillverka av skogen.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Varken klimatkrisen eller den redan tr\u00e4ngda biologiska m\u00e5ngfalden t\u00e5l mer intr\u00e5ng i form av kalavverkingar och monokulturer.&nbsp; Svensk skog i tanken inneb\u00e4r ytterligare utarmning av ekosystem och ytterligare v\u00e4xthusgasutsl\u00e4pp till en atmosf\u00e4r som redan f\u00e5tt nog.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">IPCC-rapporten \u00e4r tydlig.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Vi vet vad vi m\u00e5ste g\u00f6ra: tiden f\u00f6r alla typer av eng\u00e5ngsartiklar och drivmedel som f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nns \u00e4r f\u00f6rbi.&nbsp; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pfpi.net\/update-800-signatures_scientist-letter-on-eu-forest-biomass\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">800 oberoende forskare varnar Europaparlamentet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> f\u00f6r effekterna av just f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nning av biobr\u00e4nslen, d\u00e5 det f\u00f6rv\u00e4rrar den globala uppv\u00e4rmningen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.centerpartiet.se\/download\/18.2e67c795164dc1841a617d2\/1533285991558\/20180801%20Stoppa%20utsl%C3%A4ppen%20inte%20utvecklingen_%20RAPP%20Final%20EG.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sveriges st\u00f6rre fabriker sl\u00e4pper ut runt 18 miljoner ton fossil koldioxid per \u00e5r \u2013 medan biomassaindustrin sl\u00e4pper ut mer \u00e4n 30 miljoner ton koldioxid! <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">F\u00f6r klimatets skull kr\u00e4vs det att vi tar fram en \u00f6vergripande effektivisering och elektrifiering av transportsystemet.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vi har kr\u00e4vt samma sak i tv\u00e5 \u00e5r: Sverige b\u00f6r g\u00f6ra r\u00e4tt f\u00f6r sig. Idag har vi:&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">l\u00e5ngsiktigt skyddat 5% av skogen (f\u00f6r den produktiva skogsmarken, under fj\u00e4lln\u00e4ra gr\u00e4nsen \u00e4r skyddet s\u00e5 l\u00e5gt som &nbsp;2%) \u2013 men vi har&nbsp;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/sp\/targets\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">lovat att skydda minst 17%<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">lovat att uppn\u00e5 v\u00e5r del i <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">IPCC<\/span><\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; men v\u00e5ra v\u00e4xthusgasutsl\u00e4pp \u00f6kar.<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Men f\u00f6r att klara av detta m\u00e5ste vi minska m\u00e4ngden kalhyggen och monokulturer, samt \u00f6ka m\u00e4ngden l\u00e5nglivade produkter.<\/p>\n<p><b>Vi beh\u00f6ver inte eng\u00e5ngsartiklar och f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorer i bilar, vi beh\u00f6ver en frisk planet.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Att tala om biodrivmedel som ers\u00e4ttning till fossilt br\u00e4nsle blockerar den omst\u00e4llning vi beh\u00f6ver: en omst\u00e4llning bort fr\u00e5n f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn och infrastruktur som inneb\u00e4r att vi bokstavligen eldar upp planeten.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">N\u00e4r vi talar om avskogning globalt s\u00e5 talar vi ofta om regnskog, med all r\u00e4tt. Den situationen \u00e4r inte heller l\u00f6st. Men inte lika m\u00e5nga k\u00e4nner till att \u00e4ven det boreala skogsb\u00e4ltet, jordens andra bortgl\u00f6mda lunga, har utsatts f\u00f6r en omvandling fr\u00e5n naturskog till plantager<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/info\/pubs\/docs\/biogeos\/Boreal.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u2013 som saknar motstycke! <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Detta g\u00e4ller i synnerhet den svenska boreala skogen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Fossilfritt \u00e4r ett n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndigt, men dock inte fullst\u00e4ndigt steg.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Drivmedel som tillverkas av skog m\u00e5 vara fossilfria, men det betyder inte att de \u00e4r fria fr\u00e5n v\u00e4xthusgasutsl\u00e4pp. F\u00f6rbr\u00e4nning av tr\u00e4, likt f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nning av olja, \u00e4r en k\u00e4lla till c02-utsl\u00e4pp. Vi m\u00e5ste investera i det som g\u00f6r oss v\u00e4xthusgasfria s\u00e5 fort som m\u00f6jligt. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3810871\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vi har inte tid eller r\u00e5d att ta fler omv\u00e4gar. <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Att producera br\u00e4nsle p\u00e5 rester fr\u00e5n lant- och skogsbruk ger oss en rad problem.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u00d6kar vi m\u00e4ngden inblandat biodrivmedel, exempelvis svensk etanol fr\u00e5n vete, bio\u00addiesel fr\u00e5n raps eller drivmedel av palmolja \u2013 s\u00e5 kommer enorma arealer att beh\u00f6va odlas upp. F\u00f6r att ers\u00e4tta enbart h\u00e4lften av v\u00e4rldens fossila drivmedel skulle en areal motsvarande en tredjedel av v\u00e4rldens \u00e5krar beh\u00f6vas, och det \u00e4r l\u00e5gt r\u00e4knat. En s\u00e5dan expansion kan inte ske utan betydande avskogning och marginalisering av n\u00f6dv\u00e4ndig matproduktion, med enorma koldioxidutsl\u00e4pp och minskad biologisk m\u00e5ngfald som f\u00f6ljd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Stor del av dagens debatt p\u00e5st\u00e5r att biodrivmedelsproduktionen fr\u00e4mst kommer fr\u00e5n s\u00e5 kallade \u201crester\u201d fr\u00e5n den svenska skogsindustrin. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Men rester fr\u00e5n svenskt skogsbruk kan bara bli ett alternativ f\u00f6rst n\u00e4r vi vet att dessa \u201crester\u201d \u00e4r fr\u00e5n skogsomr\u00e5den som ur ett h\u00e5llbart klimat och biologiskt perspektiv kan och ska brukas. N\u00e5gra s\u00e5dana omr\u00e5den finns inte i Sverige idag. \u00c4ven om rester skulle kunna tas fram h\u00e5llbart fr\u00e5n s\u00e5gverk s\u00e5 b\u00f6r dessa \u201crester\u201d hur som helst inte f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nnas. De ska bli till plywood, limtr\u00e4, och andra material som lever l\u00e4nge. Eller varf\u00f6r inte solceller i cellulosa, bioplast f\u00f6r sjukv\u00e5rd eller glasrutor i tr\u00e4fibrer? Tekniken finns redan, men Sverige v\u00e4ljer att ist\u00e4llet att sl\u00f6sa v\u00e4rdefullt material, som skulle kunna hj\u00e4lpa oss i omst\u00e4llningen, p\u00e5 oh\u00e5llbara produkter!&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rester i skogen, den andra typen av \u201crester\u201dsom kallas GROT utg\u00f6r just nu livbojar f\u00f6r det redan h\u00e5rt pressade livet i skogen, som k\u00e4mpar f\u00f6r \u00f6verlevnad i ett v\u00e4xande hav av kalhyggen och monokulturer. Vi kan inte ta ut s\u00e5 h\u00e4r mycket GROT i ett landskap som till stor del best\u00e5r av hyggen.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Omvandlingen fr\u00e5n skog till plantager i Sverige saknar motstycke: \u00f6ver 63% av de svenska tr\u00e4den \u00e4r yngre \u00e4n 61 \u00e5r: allts\u00e5 f\u00f6r unga f\u00f6r att avverkas. Utan expansion in i den sista naturskogen kommer vi inte \u00e5t n\u00e5gra \u201crester\u201d alls.&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Samtidigt&nbsp; &#8211; om vi skulle skydda all naturskog vi har kvar, skulle vi \u00e4nd\u00e5 inte n\u00e5 redan beslutade nationella och internationella milj\u00f6m\u00e5l.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/sp\/targets\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sverige har som sagt \u00e5lagt sig att skydda minst 17 procent <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">av alla typer av ekosystem, via ett ekologiskt representativt skydd; skydd utformat p\u00e5 landskapsniv\u00e5 i st\u00f6rre sammanh\u00e4ngande omr\u00e5den, via l\u00e5ngsiktiga och transparenta skyddsformer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#8217;Svensk boreal produktiv skogsmark under fj\u00e4lln\u00e4ra gr\u00e4nsen&#8217; \u00e4r en typ av ekosystem, h\u00e4r \u00e4r det l\u00e5ngsiktiga och transparenta skyddet ca 2%. Skyddet f\u00f6r hela Sverges produktiva skogsmark, under fj\u00e4lln\u00e4ra gr\u00e4nsen \u00e4r ocks\u00e5 bara 2%. Med andra ord mindre \u00e4n h\u00e4lften av det som skyddats \u00e4r skog som finns d\u00e4r vi m\u00e4nniskor bor.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.skogsstyrelsen.se\/globalassets\/aga-skog\/skydda-skog\/vardefulla-skogar---redovisning-av-regeringsuppdrag-170130.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Skogsstyrelsen och Naturv\u00e5rdsverket skriver:<\/span> <\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">F\u00f6r att l\u00e5ngsiktigt bevara och utveckla olika former av livsmilj\u00f6er, funktioner och processer i skogslandskapet beh\u00f6vs ett \u00f6vergripande landskapsperspektiv. Till viss del kan detta tillgodoses i riktigt stora nationalparker och naturreservaten i nordv\u00e4stra Sverige samt ekoparker eller motsvarande. I huvuddelen av skogslandskapet saknas dock s\u00e5dana st\u00f6rre omr\u00e5den med f\u00f6rh\u00f6jda naturv\u00e5rdsambitioner, men f\u00f6ruts\u00e4ttningar finns f\u00f6r att utveckla arbetet inom v\u00e4rdetrakter.&#8221;&nbsp;<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nej, allt energi\u00f6verskott, eller ekonomiskt l\u00e4ckage i skogsbrukets produktionskedja m\u00e5ste inte alls utnyttjas i tanken. Nej, s\u00e5gsp\u00e5n, rester fr\u00e5n palmolja, redan subventionerad \u00f6verproduktion av mat &#8211; inget av detta m\u00e5ste f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nnas. V\u00e4rlden beh\u00f6ver mindre v\u00e4xthusgas, inte mer. Och framf\u00f6rallt inte att n\u00e5gra f\u00e5 g\u00e5r med maximal kortsiktig ekonomisk vinst, som bidrar till att f\u00f6rv\u00e4rra den globala upphettningen och f\u00f6rlusten av ov\u00e4rderlig biologisk m\u00e5ngfald..&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nej, alla nya tekniker beh\u00f6ver inte nyttjas &#8211; alla uppfinningar \u00e4r inte bra: Atombomber, eng\u00e5ngsartiklar, oljeriggar, f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorer och k\u00e4rnkraftverk, listan kan g\u00f6ras l\u00e5ng. L\u00e5t oss l\u00e4ra av historien och v\u00e4lja en b\u00e4ttre v\u00e4g \u00e4n den vi redan vandrat. Det \u00e4r dags f\u00f6r en omst\u00e4llning bort fr\u00e5n f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsmotorn och infrastruktur som inneb\u00e4r att vi l\u00e5ser in oss i \u00e5rtionden av fortsatt f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningsberoende.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Det \u00e4r egentligen inte kr\u00e5ngligare \u00e4n s\u00e5 h\u00e4r: vi kan klara oss utan m\u00e5nga av de oh\u00e5llbara produkter vi producerar idag. <\/b>M<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">en vi kommer inte klara av att m\u00f6ta m\u00e4nsklighetens tv\u00e5 \u00f6desfr\u00e5gor: den globala upphettningen och s\u00f6nderfallet av ekosystem, utan \u00f6kat naturskydd. Vi beh\u00f6ver skydda och restaurera mer skog i Sverige (se k\u00e4llf\u00f6rt\u00e4ckning, 10, 11,12, 13, 14) \u2013 inte avverka den till f\u00f6rdel f\u00f6r monokulturer f\u00f6r att producera oh\u00e5llbara produkter likt pappkartong, eng\u00e5ngsartiklar i bio-plast eller biodrivmedel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Mycket \u00e5terst\u00e5r innan vi kan kalla den svenska skogsindustrin h\u00e5llbar. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Den svenska skogen ses ofta som en o\u00e4ndlig resurs som vi kan h\u00e4mta b\u00e5de br\u00e4nslen och f\u00f6rbrukningsmaterial ur i tron att den magiskt \u00e5teruppst\u00e5r. Men det som \u00e5teruppst\u00e5r i dagens svenska skogsbruk \u00e4r enbart tr\u00e4d, inte riktigt skog. Riktig skog kan inte \u00e5terplanteras.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/p4-production-content.storage.googleapis.com\/international\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/db4fd983-bradshaw-warkentin-2015-global-planet-change.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kalhyggen har ocks\u00e5 en f\u00f6r\u00f6dande klimatkonsekvens<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; kollagret (allts\u00e5 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1007\/s10310-011-0264-7\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">kol bundet i marken<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) tar flera decennier f\u00f6r naturen att \u00e5terskapa. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dn.se\/debatt\/kalhyggesbruk-ger-stora-utslapp-av-vaxthusgaser\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tid vi inte har om vi ska g\u00f6ra r\u00e4tt f\u00f6r oss under r\u00e5dande klimatkris<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Keelingkurvan ska v\u00e4ndas ned\u00e5t nu, inte om 60 \u00e5r. (se k\u00e4llf\u00f6rt\u00e4ckning, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, och 9)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">P\u00e5 grund av de v\u00e4xthusgasutsl\u00e4pp som sker fr\u00e5n marken vid kalavverkning blir utsl\u00e4ppen fr\u00e5n skogsbaserade biodrivmedel lika stora som fr\u00e5n fossila br\u00e4nslen.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/easac.eu\/fileadmin\/PDF_s\/reports_statements\/Carbon_Neutrality\/EASAC_commentary_on_Carbon_Neutrality_15_June_2018.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Europeiska vetenskapsr\u00e5det EASAC betonar att f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nningen av skogsbaserade produkter kan \u00f6ka utsl\u00e4ppen av koldioxid i EU och \u00e4ventyra m\u00e5len i Parisavtalet.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Men av n\u00e5gon anledning v\u00e4ljer sveriges folkvalda att inte ta till sig av denna forskning. Det \u00e4r s\u00e5klart bekv\u00e4mt att v\u00e4lja vilken forskning en vill basera sin politik p\u00e5, men att fullkomligt blunda f\u00f6r det faktum att dagens politik enbart f\u00f6rv\u00e4rrar klimatkrisen \u2013 \u00e4r skamligt p\u00e5 s\u00e5 m\u00e5nga plan.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Vi lever \u00e4ven i en tid d\u00e4r ett av FN:s h\u00e5llbarhetsm\u00e5l bygger p\u00e5 att vi ska minska matavfallet.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> M\u00e5let \u00e4r s\u00e5ledes att minska matsvinnet, inte att bygga in oss ytterligare i en f\u00f6rbr\u00e4nnings-infrastruktur. Hur mycket etanol, biogas eller biobensin blir det om vi f\u00f6rst slutar med klimatskadliga beteenden, likt dagens \u00f6verproduktion och -konsumtion av mat samt v\u00e5rt fullkomligt underm\u00e5ligt naturskydd &#8211; inte s\u00e5 mycket att det \u00e4r v\u00e4rt att l\u00e4gga varken sina investeringar eller politiska verktyg p\u00e5 i alla fall.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Visst kommer du aldrig gl\u00f6mma detta igen? Skog \u00e4r inte f\u00f6rnybart. Tr\u00e4d kan odlas och \u00e5terplanteras men skogens ekosystem och dess kollager (allts\u00e5 kol bundet i tr\u00e4d och mark) tar mycket l\u00e5ng tid f\u00f6r naturen att \u00e5terskapa, tid vi inte har idag.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Det \u00e4r v\u00e5ra folkvaldas jobb att s\u00e4kerst\u00e4lla h\u00e5llbar mobilitet i hela Sverige samt gr\u00f6n el till alla.<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/>\n\/Lina<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>K\u00e4llor:&nbsp;<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(1) I ett \u00f6ppet brev till beslutsfattare inom EU varnar 190 forskare fr\u00e5n EU och USA f\u00f6r de stora negativa effekterna av intensivskogsbruk, som kalhyggen med p\u00e5f\u00f6ljande anl\u00e4ggning av gran- och tallplanteringar i Sverige \u00e4r ett exempel p\u00e5:&nbsp; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe promotion of an increase in active forest management encourages increased harvest levels in order to substitute fossil-derived fuels and products with wood and bioenergy without accounting for their full climate impacts. This approach risks having adverse effects on climate, biodiversity and resilient ecosystems by emitting more greenhouse gases, in uencing biophysical processes and causing additional habitat loss \u2013 accumulating evidence suggests that the proposed strategy risks being counterproductive.\u201d<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (De Wever m. . 2017, s. 1).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(2) This time lag is important as it is vital that emissions of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide) are reduced <\/span><b>immediately<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, rather than emitting further greenhouse gases and expecting them to be sequestered by forest regrowth over the next century (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1757-1707.2012.01169.x\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Schulze et al. 2012<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(3) Industrial logging in boreal forests is not carbon neutral, as industrial logging reduces the overall age of the forest in a landscape (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.nrcan.gc.ca\/publications?id=31058\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cyr et al. 2009<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1139\/x02-027#.W-AiIy-ZNTY\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bouchard &amp; Pothier 2011<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), and the time for regrowth is so long (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabdirect.org\/cabdirect\/abstract\/20123046362\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cherubini et al. 2011<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). It takes 70-120 years before a stand of trees in the boreal forest is commercially mature and harvested again (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10584-011-0222-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark, B 2012<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). Industrial logging, therefore, incurs a \u201ccarbon debt\u201d as the large stocks of carbon in the original forest ecosystem are replaced by the smaller carbon stocks of the growing managed forest ([<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10584-011-0222-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark, B. 2012<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(4) Different harvesting methods in different forest types have different levels of impact, with clearcutting having a greater effect than selective logging. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.nrcan.gc.ca\/publications?id=32736\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thiffault, E. Hannam, K.D., Par\u00e9, D., Titus, B.D., Hazlett, P.W., Maynard, D.G. &amp; Brais, S. 2011. Effects of forest biomass harvesting on soil productivity in boreal and temperate forests\u2014a review. Environmental Reviews 19: 278\u2013 309<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(5) Soil carbon is reduced by industrial logging because when the trees are cut down, the ground warms as it receives more sunlight; this increases the activity of microbes (bacteria and fungi) which break down organic matter in the soil and emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. At the same time, removal of vegetation means less new organic matter, such as dead leaves, entering the soil for microbes to feed on (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378112705004834\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lal, R. 2005. Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecology and Management 220: 242\u2013258<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(6) I v\u00e5ras sl\u00e4ppte EASAC \u2013 the European Academies&#8217; Science Advisory Council&nbsp; en rapport som sammanst\u00e4ller forskningen om skogen och klimatet: <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.easac.eu\/fileadmin\/PDF_s\/reports_statements\/Forests\/EASAC_Forests_web_complete.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201dMulti-functionality and sustainability in the European Union\u2019s forests\u201d&nbsp;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(7) Ett par svenska forskare har varit inblandade, bland annat Anders Lindroth och Christina Moberg, som ocks\u00e5 sammanfattade en del av slutsatserna fr\u00e5n EASAC-rapporten p\u00e5 DN Debatt 11 september, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dn.se\/debatt\/kalhyggesbruk-ger-stora-utslapp-av-vaxthusgaser\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201dKalhyggesbruk ger stora utsl\u00e4pp av v\u00e4xthusgaser\u201d:&nbsp;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(8) Once soil carbon has been lost, (re-) accumulation of stable soil carbon takes place only slowly (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.513.8816&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Jandl et al. 2007<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(9) And disturbed soil continue to release carbon for many years following harvest (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1139\/cjfr-2014-0148#.W97erS-ZPR0\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kishchuk et al. 2015<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0016706196000754\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pennock &amp; van Kessel 1997<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(10) It used to be thought that only young trees took up carbon as they increased in size. However, it has now been shown (including for boreal forests) that old growth forests continue taking up carbon <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18784722\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Luyssaert et al. 2008; Lewis et al. 2009; Stephens et al. 2007<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) for up to several centuries, well beyond the point at which they reach commercial maturity.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(11) In the Boreal forests, although the carbon uptake into living trees slows, carbon is thought to still be accumulated into the soil [Seedre et al. 2011.], contributing to old growth boreal forest ecosystems not only being a major carbon store, but in addition a small carbon sink [<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/forestry\/article\/90\/1\/125\/2605858\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pukkala 2017<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Soloway, A.D., Amiro, B.D., Dunn, A.L. &amp; Wofsy, S.C. 2017. Carbon neutral or a sink? Uncertainty caused by gap- filling long-term flux measurements for an old-growth boreal black spruce forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 233: 110-121<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.]&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(12) It is evident that old growth forests are not only important in terms of carbon storage, but also in terms of carbon uptake. This means that, rather than industrial logging and regrowth being carbon neutral over a typical industrial logging cycle (approximately 100 years), more carbon is stored in the trees if they are not logged, as can be seen in the figure below .(<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10584-011-0222-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark 2012<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.maforests.org\/Biomass%20Assumptions.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark 2013a;<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cabdirect.org\/cabdirect\/abstract\/20123406860\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark 2013b;<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/gcbb.12110\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark 2015; <\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/a\/eee\/foreco\/v19y2013i1p87-95.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark et al. 2012.)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(13)Differences in carbon storage between an unlogged and regularly logged forest area from an initial state of post-disturbanc<\/span>e <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(See attached Differences in carbon storage between an unlogged and regularly logged forest.pdf). <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Changes in carbon stored in the regularly (approx. 100 years) logged scenario is shown in red, whilst that in the unlogged scenario is in blue. The cyclical nature of industrial logging and regrowth does not allow as much carbon to be stored as the unlogged scenario, which matures to old growth. An absence of natural disturbance (e.g. fire) is assumed in both scenarios. Adapted from (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10584-011-0222-6\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Holtsmark 2012<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">)&nbsp; and (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/277676270_Managing_temperate_forests_for_carbon_storage_Impacts_of_logging_versus_forest_protection_on_carbon_stocks\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Keith et al.2014<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(14)In general, models that consider industrial logging followed by regrowth as carbon neutral do not take the accumulation of carbon by mature trees into account. [e.g. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/lnu.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1040655&amp;dswid=-3527\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gustavsson et al. 2017<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">; <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cfs.nrcan.gc.ca\/publications?id=35301\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kurz et al. 2013<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Skogen kan och b\u00f6r enligt Greenpeace vara en positivt bidragande pusselbit till v\u00e5r tids \u00f6desfr\u00e5gor; den globala upphettningen och ekosystems\u00f6nderfallet, f\u00f6r det kr\u00e4vs en stor omst\u00e4llning g\u00e4llande vilken skog vi&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":1065,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[19,40,48],"p4-page-type":[16],"class_list":["post-3404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-skog","tag-skyddaskogen","tag-biodiversitet","tag-ipcc","p4-page-type-artiklar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3404"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":55423,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3404\/revisions\/55423"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3404"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/sweden\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=3404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}