{"id":757,"date":"2014-04-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2014-04-13T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/master.k8s.p4.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/blog\/cernobilde-ne-oldu\/"},"modified":"2026-01-08T11:58:21","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T08:58:21","slug":"cernobilde-ne-oldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/blog\/cernobilde-ne-oldu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ernobil\u2019de ne oldu?"},"content":{"rendered":"
26 Nisan 1986\u2019da, eski Sovyet \u00fclkelerinden Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7ernobil kentindeki n\u00fckleer enerji santralinin 4 numaral\u0131 \u00fcnitesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kaza meydana geldi.<\/div>\n
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\u0130\u015fletim ekibi, olas\u0131 bir enerji kayb\u0131 esnas\u0131nda t\u00fcrbinlerin acil durum dizel jenerat\u00f6r\u00fc devreye girene kadar so\u011futucu pompalar\u0131n faaliyetini devam ettirmek i\u00e7in yeterli enerji \u00fcretimini sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 test etmeyi planl\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Reakt\u00f6r g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc engellememek ad\u0131na g\u00fcvenlik sistemleri kasten devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Reakt\u00f6r g\u00fcc\u00fc, deneyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kapasitesinin %25 alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu prosed\u00fcr planlanana g\u00f6re gitmeyince reakt\u00f6r g\u00fcc\u00fc seviyesi %1\u2019in alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu y\u00fczden enerjinin yava\u015f yava\u015f kesilmesi gerekti. Fakat deney ba\u015flad\u0131ktan 30 saniye sonra beklenmeyen bir enerji dalgas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn (zincirleme reaksiyonu durdurmas\u0131 gereken) acil durum sistemi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn yak\u0131t maddesinde ani bir \u0131s\u0131 y\u00fckselmesi oldu ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir patlama meydana geldi. Reakt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6rten 1000 tonluk kapak havaya u\u00e7tu. Is\u0131n\u0131n 2000\u00b0C\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla yak\u0131t \u00e7ubuklar\u0131 eridi. O s\u0131rada reakt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6rten grafit alev ald\u0131 ve dokuz g\u00fcn boyunca yanmaya devam ederek \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda radyasyonun \u00e7evreye sal\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Kazada, A\u011fustos 1945\u2019te Japonya\u2019n\u0131n Hiro\u015fima \u015fehrine kasten at\u0131lan n\u00fckleer bombadan daha fazla radyasyon sal\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Temizlik<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Yanmakta olan reakt\u00f6r\u00fc s\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik ilk te\u015febb\u00fcsler aras\u0131nda itfayecilerin reakt\u00f6re so\u011fuk suyla m\u00fcdahale etmesi de yer al\u0131yordu. Bu \u00e7abaya 10 saat sonra son verildi. Yanan reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00fczerinde 27 Nisan\u2019dan 5 May\u0131s\u2019a kadar 30\u2019dan fazla askeri helikopter u\u00e7up durdu. Yang\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alabilmek ve radyasyonu hapsetmek ad\u0131na bu helikopterlerden 2400 ton kur\u015fun, 1800 ton kum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7abalar da sonu\u00e7 vermedi\u011fi gibi, asl\u0131nda durumu daha da vahimle\u015ftirdi: Is\u0131, helikopterlerden b\u0131rak\u0131lan malzemelerin alt\u0131nda birikti. \u00c7evreye sa\u00e7\u0131lan radyasyonla birlikte reakt\u00f6rdeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k da bir kez daha art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Yang\u0131nla m\u00fccadelenin son evresinde reakt\u00f6r \u00e7ekirde\u011finin nitrojenle so\u011futulmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. Yang\u0131n ve radyoaktif sal\u0131m ancak 6 May\u0131s\u2019ta kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nabildi.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm tehlikeye ra\u011fmen felakete m\u00fcdahale etmek i\u00e7in de insan g\u00fcc\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131. Felaketi kontrol alt\u0131na almak ad\u0131na g\u00f6sterilen bo\u015f \u00e7abalar i\u00e7in binlerce insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 feda etti. Bu insanlara \u201ctasfiye g\u00f6revlileri\u201d deniyordu.<\/p>\n

Ekip i\u00e7inde radyasyona en fazla maruz kalanlar, santralin yang\u0131nla m\u00fccadele birimindeki 600 ki\u015fi ve i\u015fletim personeli oldu. Bu grup i\u00e7erisindeki 130 ki\u015finin radyasyona maruz kalma seviyesi, radyasyonla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir i\u015f\u00e7inin maruz kalaca\u011f\u0131 650 y\u0131ll\u0131k radyasyon seviyesine e\u015fitti. Binlerce askeri personel ve di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl oranda radyoaktif maddeleri neredeyse hi\u00e7bir tedbir almadan veya tedbirsiz bir \u015fekilde ta\u015f\u0131makla g\u00f6revlendirildi.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde 31 i\u015f\u00e7i hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Toplamdaysa 1989 y\u0131l\u0131na dek \u00c7ernobil\u2019deki temizleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kat\u0131lan 600.000 ila 800.000 ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. Bu insanlar\u0131n 300.000\u2019i, bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde maruz kal\u0131nabilecek radyasyon dozunun 500 kat fazlas\u0131na maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. H\u00e2l\u00e2 hayatta olanlarsa bug\u00fcn bile sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131yla pen\u00e7ele\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Kazadan bu yana ka\u00e7 ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc net olarak bilinmiyor. Eski Sovyet devletlerinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilere g\u00f6re bug\u00fcne kadar yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 25.000 \u201ctasfiye g\u00f6revlisi\u201d hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. \u00dc\u00e7 \u00fclkedeki tasfiye kurumlar\u0131ndan elde edilen tahminlerse resmi rakamlar\u0131n \u00e7ok daha \u00fcst\u00fcnde. The Chernobyl Forum\u2019un 2005 y\u0131l\u0131 raporunda reakt\u00f6r kazas\u0131na atfedilen can kay\u0131plar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tasfiye g\u00f6revlilerinin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok daha az.<\/p>\n

Can kayb\u0131 verilerindeki bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, tespit y\u00f6ntemlerinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131yor. Tasfiye istatistikleri (kazazede say\u0131s\u0131 ve maruz kal\u0131nan radyasyon miktar\u0131) de Sovyet yetkilileri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7arp\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kesin say\u0131lara belki de hi\u00e7bir zaman eri\u015femeyece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n

Felaket sona erdi mi?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

22 Aral\u0131k 1988 tarihinde Sovyet biliminsanlar\u0131, reakt\u00f6r\u00fc kaplayan lahtin yaln\u0131zca 20 ila 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir \u00f6mre sahip olacak bi\u00e7imde tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer kazadan \u00fc\u00e7 sene sonra, Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00c7ernobil N\u00fckleer Enerji Santrali\u2019ndeki be\u015finci ve alt\u0131nda reakt\u00f6r \u00fcnitelerinin kurulumunu durdurdu. Uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fczakerelerden sonra, kazan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnden 14 sene ge\u00e7mi\u015fken, 12 Aral\u0131k 2000 tarihinde kompleks tamamen kapat\u0131ld\u0131.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cLahit\u201d nedir?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Patlaman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan hasar g\u00f6ren 4 numaral\u0131 reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn etraf\u0131na betondan, devasa bir \u201clahit\u201d (kapak) \u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Hasarl\u0131 n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7ine alan bu lahit, atmosfere daha fazla radyasyon sal\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130lk ba\u015fta hasarl\u0131 reakt\u00f6r\u00fc denetim alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in, h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u0131cak olan reakt\u00f6r yak\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn temelinde bir delik a\u00e7mas\u0131na engel olacak bir so\u011futma levhas\u0131 kurulmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu t\u00fcneli reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn alt\u0131ndan a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr madencileri g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015fti. 24 Haziran\u2019da 400 k\u00f6m\u00fcr madencisi reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn alt\u0131nda 168 metre uzunlu\u011funda bir t\u00fcnel a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

Reakt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00e7evreleyen lahtin in\u015fas\u0131, 7.000 ton \u00e7elik ve 410.000 m3 beton kullan\u0131larak, Kas\u0131m 1986\u2019da tamamland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Lahit, yaln\u0131zca 20 ila 30 sene faaliyet g\u00f6sterebilecek bi\u00e7imde tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. En b\u00fcy\u00fck problemse istikrars\u0131z olu\u015fu. Yap\u0131m\u0131 alelacele tamamlanan lahtin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 kiri\u015flerinde meydana gelen paslanma, yap\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tehdit eder nitelikte. \u00c7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki deliklerden lahtin i\u00e7ine s\u0131zan su, radyasyona maruz kald\u0131ktan sonra, reakt\u00f6r zemininden alttaki topra\u011fa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Biliminsanlar\u0131, koruma kalkan\u0131n\u0131n hassasl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle \u00c7ernobil\u2019in kendisi kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir n\u00fckleer faciaya sebep olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u00e7inde kalan yak\u0131t\u0131n miktar\u0131na dair kesin bir bilgiye sahip de\u011filiz, fakat elimizdeki tahminler ilk i\u00e7erikten %95 daha fazlas\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Ayr\u0131ca lahtin i\u00e7inde, harap olan reakt\u00f6r binas\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve lahtin i\u00e7ine at\u0131lan radyasyonlu topraktan kaynaklanan binlerce metrekarelik n\u00fckleer at\u0131k bulunuyor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Greenpeace destek\u00e7isi ol!<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Greenpeace’in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve cesur kampanyalar y\u00fcr\u00fctmesini sa\u011flayan tek g\u00fc\u00e7 sensin. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131nla sesimizi daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u0131l, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelece\u011fine birlikte y\u00f6n verelim!

Senin deste\u011finle daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, daha etkili ve daha cesuruz. \u015eimdi bize kat\u0131l!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n