{"id":817,"date":"2019-01-14T10:20:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-14T07:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/master.k8s.p4.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/blog\/plastik-poseti-birak\/"},"modified":"2019-11-06T12:08:58","modified_gmt":"2019-11-06T09:08:58","slug":"plastik-poseti-birak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/blog\/plastik-poseti-birak\/","title":{"rendered":"Plastik po\u015feti b\u0131rak"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0130lkokulda \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi ile ilgili ilk \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fim bilgi, plastik po\u015fetlerin binlerce y\u0131l do\u011fada kalmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bir kez kullan\u0131p att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir malzemenin binlerce y\u0131l do\u011fada kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek \u015fok edici bir bilgi, on ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6yleydi, \u015fimdi de.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

\"Plastik<\/p>\n

2019 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk haberleri po\u015fetlerin \u00fccretli hale gelmesi, \u00fccret \u00f6demek istemeyen m\u00fc\u015fterilerin tepkileri, kendilerince bulduklar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ve kasada ya\u015fanan kaos \u00fczerine oldu. Plastik po\u015fet \u00fccreti, farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde ama t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de konu\u015fulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

Neden Plastik Po\u015fet Kullanmay\u0131 B\u0131rakmal\u0131y\u0131z?<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

Plastik po\u015fetler, plastik \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin t\u00fcketime sokulmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan kullan-at al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019in verilerine g\u00f6re, her y\u0131l, 1 ila 5 trilyon plastik po\u015fet t\u00fcketiliyor. Y\u0131ll\u0131k 5 trilyon plastik po\u015fet t\u00fcketimi, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada dakikada 10 milyon plastik po\u015fet demek. Bu plastiklerin do\u011fada \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnmesi y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 al\u0131yor. \u00c7o\u011fu plastik, \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 ne olursa olsun biyolojik olarak ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor. Maalesef bug\u00fcne kadar \u00fcretilen plasti\u011fin y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmedi. \u0130\u015fte bu plastiklerin \u00e7o\u011funun yolculu\u011fu da denizlerde son buluyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck plastik par\u00e7alar\u0131, balina, kaplumba\u011fa ve deniz ku\u015flar\u0131 gibi t\u00fcrlerin bo\u011fulmas\u0131na neden oluyor; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck plastik par\u00e7alar\u0131 ise deniz hayvanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yiyecek san\u0131l\u0131p yeniyor. Hatta bu \u015fekilde plastikler, deniz mahs\u00fclleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tabaklar\u0131m\u0131za kadar giriyor.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de plastik po\u015fetlerin \u00fccretlendirilmesi<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

1 Ocak 2019 itibari ile y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren yasa\u011f\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 4 maddede \u00f6zetleyelim:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \n25 kuru\u015ftan daha az \u00fccrete sat\u0131\u015fa sunulamayacak olan plastik torbalar, \u00a0t\u00fcm sat\u0131\u015f noktalar\u0131nda, marketler, s\u00fcpermarketler, ma\u011fazalar, toptanc\u0131lar vs. dahil olacak \u015fekilde uygulanacak. \u0130nternet ortam\u0131nda yap\u0131lan al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fler i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lacak po\u015fetler yasa\u011fa dahil. Sat\u0131\u015f noktalar\u0131, hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde bu po\u015fetleri \u00fccretsiz sunamayacak.\n<\/li>\n<\/p>\n
  • \nMarketlerin manav ve f\u0131r\u0131n reyonlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u00e7ok hafif plastik po\u015fetler ise buna dahil de\u011fil. \u00c7ok hafif po\u015fetler, a\u00e7\u0131k olarak sat\u0131\u015fa sunulan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hijyeni ama\u00e7l\u0131 kullan\u0131lan ambalaj olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 15 mikron ve daha az olan, \u015feffaf g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc po\u015fetler \u00fccretsiz olarak sunulmaya devam edilecek.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
      \n
    • \n\u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, uygulama ile 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna kadar, y\u0131ll\u0131k ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na plastik po\u015fet kullan\u0131m adedini 90\u2019a, 2025 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ise en fazla 40 adede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyi hedefliyor.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
        \n
      • \nPlastik po\u015fetin \u00fccreti ise, her y\u0131l, piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00fcncellenecek. \u00dccretin, 15 kuru\u015fu geri kazan\u0131m kat\u0131l\u0131m pay\u0131 olarak hazineye aktar\u0131lacak. \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu gelirin \u00e7evre politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulacak b\u00fct\u00e7eye aktar\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu konu a\u00e7\u0131klama nezdinde kalmamal\u0131 ve yasada d\u00fczenlenmeli.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        D\u00fcnyadan \u00f6rnekler: Plastik po\u015fete kar\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ge\u00e7 bile kald\u0131<\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

        Plastik po\u015fetlerin \u00fccretlendirilmesi ve\/veya tamamen yasaklanmas\u0131 gibi \u00f6nleyici tedbirler, bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda uygulanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Plastik po\u015fetle m\u00fccadele, sadece devlet merciileri gibi karar vericilerin koydu\u011fu yasalarla olmuyor. Marketler, tedarik\u00e7iler gibi \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc giri\u015fimleriyle de bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede \u00f6nleyici tedbirler al\u0131nd\u0131. D\u00fcnya \u00f6rneklerinde \u00f6zellikle plastik po\u015fetlerin yasaklanmas\u0131 talebi ile d\u00fczenlenen toplumsal kampanyalar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu ve plastik po\u015fetler yasakland\u0131.<\/p>\n

        \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te marketlerde, 1970\u2019lerden itibaren \u00fccretlendirme uygulan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

        Bali\u2019de \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu gen\u00e7 insanlardan olu\u015fan \u201cBye Bye Plastics Bags\u201d adl\u0131 hareket, 4 y\u0131lda toplad\u0131klar\u0131 100.000 imza ile plastik po\u015fetlerin tamamen yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Yeni Zelanda\u2019da lise \u00f6\u011frencilerinin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir kampanya ile h\u00fck\u00fcmet plastik po\u015fetlerin \u00fccretlendirilmesi karar\u0131 ald\u0131, ancak \u00c7evre Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasay\u0131 beklemeden s\u00fcpermarket zincirleri ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonucunda, s\u00fcpermarketlerin plastik po\u015fetleri \u00fccretlendirme ve\/veya yasaklama karar\u0131 ald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Bel\u00e7ika\u2019da hen\u00fcz bir yasal d\u00fczenleme s\u00f6zkonusu de\u011filken (ilgili yasa 15 y\u0131l sonra \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131), s\u00fcpermarketlerin giri\u015fimi ile plastik po\u015fetler \u00fccretlendirildi.<\/p>\n

        2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Almanya\u2019da, Bakanl\u0131k ile Perakendeciler Federasyonu aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir anla\u015fma sonucu, plastik po\u015fetlerin be\u015f sent ile elli sent aras\u0131nda \u00fccretlendirilmesine karar verildi. Bir s\u00fcre sonra, bir\u00e7ok \u015firket anla\u015fman\u0131n taraf\u0131 olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu anla\u015fma kurallar\u0131n\u0131 kendi \u015firket politikalar\u0131 olarak belirleyerek plastik kirlili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

        2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda L\u00fcksemburg\u2019da, \u00c7evre Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen L\u00fcksemburg Ticaret Konfederasyonu ile d\u00fczenledi\u011fi projede, aralar\u0131nda distrib\u00fct\u00f6r ve perakendecilerin oldu\u011fu 85 marka Eco-Sac giri\u015fimini olu\u015fturdular. \u00d6nce \u00fccretsiz olarak plastik po\u015fetler yerine yeniden kullan\u0131labilir \u00e7antalar verildi ard\u0131ndan bunlar da \u00fccretlendirildi. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkede 9 y\u0131lda, plastik po\u015fet kullan\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fczde 85 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n

        Plastik po\u015fetlere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede s\u00fcpermarketler kritik bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor. Avustralya, Kanada ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de, s\u00fcpermarketlerin giri\u015fimi ile hem plastik po\u015fetlerin hem de \u00fccretlendirme\/yasak kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmayan \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetlerin \u00fccretlendirilmesi politikalar\u0131 uyguland\u0131. S\u00fcpermarketlerin bu giri\u015fimiyle \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019de, plastik po\u015fet talebi y\u00fczde 80 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n

        Plastik po\u015fetlerin \u00fccretlendirilmesi politikas\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde uygulan\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Bulgaristan, Danimarka, Macaristan ve Portekiz\u2019de t\u00fcketicilere uygulanan \u00fccretlendirmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tedarik\u00e7iler ve perakendecilerin sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 plastik po\u015fetler i\u00e7in bu \u015firketlerin de \u00f6demeleri gereken vergilendirme politikas\u0131 var.<\/p>\n

        Afrika\u2019da 25 \u00fclkede, plastik po\u015fetler yasak ve bu yasak 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren uygulanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde plastik po\u015fetlerin yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetler de \u00fccretli.<\/p>\n

        14 Asya \u00fclkesinde ve bir\u00e7ok yerel y\u00f6netim b\u00f6lgesinde, plastik po\u015fetler yasak veya \u00fccretli.<\/p>\n

        \u00c7in\u2019de biyo\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr olmayan plastik po\u015fetlerin tamam\u0131 yasak ve \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetler 2008 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren \u00fccretli. Uygulaman\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7mesi ile \u00c7in\u2019de s\u00fcpermarketlerde plastik po\u015fetlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fczde 60 ile y\u00fczde 80 oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n

        13 Orta ve G\u00fcney Amerika \u00fclkesinde 2010\u2019lu y\u0131llardan itibaren plastik po\u015fetlerde yasak uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Avrupa Birli\u011fi, 2015 tarihli AB direktifi ile 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 sonuna kadar t\u00fcm AB \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerde, kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 50 mikrondan az t\u00fcm \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetler dahil olmak \u00fczere, po\u015fet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k 90 adede d\u00fc\u015fmesi hedefleniyor. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz \u00fczere, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yasak kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetler konusunda olduk\u00e7a fazla say\u0131da \u00fclkede hedefler belirlendi, eylem planlar\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Fransa, \u0130talya, Bel\u00e7ika\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri ve Katalonya\u2019da biyo\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcr, yeniden kullan\u0131labilir ve\/veya kompost yap\u0131labilir (g\u00fcbrelenebilir) olmayan t\u00fcm plastik po\u015fetler tamamen yasakland\u0131. Fransa, 2020\u2019den itibaren y\u00fczde 50\u2019si kompost yap\u0131labilir (g\u00fcbrelenebilir) materyalden olmayan t\u00fcm plastik po\u015fetlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015f olacak. 21 Avrupa \u00fclkesinde ise, plastik po\u015fetlere farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde uygulanan \u00fccretlendirme politikalar\u0131 mevcut. Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011funda, \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetler de \u00fccretlendirme politikas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda.<\/p>\n

        Benzer \u00fccretlendirme politikalar\u0131 Kanada ve Amerika\u2019da bir\u00e7ok eyalet\/yerel y\u00f6netimde uygulan\u0131rken, Avustralya\u2019da bir\u00e7ok b\u00f6lgede kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 35 mikrondan az \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetler dahil olmak \u00fczere plastik po\u015fetler yasak.<\/p>\n

        Plastik po\u015fetlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye ge\u00e7 bile kald\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye \u00e7ok hafif po\u015fetlere dair hi\u00e7bir politika uygulamayarak, d\u00fcnyadaki bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin de gerisinde.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

        Plastik Po\u015fette 15 Kuru\u015f\u2019un Hesab\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/p>\n

        Plastik po\u015fetlerin \u00fccretlendirilmesinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de, d\u00fcnyada da tek bir amac\u0131 var, plastik po\u015fet kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede yap\u0131lan etki analiz raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00fccretlendirme bir ekonomik ara\u00e7 olarak, t\u00fcketicilerde psikolojik etki olu\u015fturuyor ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 azalt\u0131yor. Tabii ki, plastik kirlili\u011finin bu denli tehlikeli boyutlara geldi\u011fi ko\u015fullarda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7ok hafifler de dahil plastik po\u015fetler tamamen yasaklanmal\u0131. Umuyoruz ki, milyonlarca t\u00fcketici plastik po\u015fet kullanmay\u0131 b\u0131rakacak ve plastik po\u015fetlerden elde edilecek gelir minimumda kalacak. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda, \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc plastik po\u015fet gelirinin hangi \u00e7evre politikalar\u0131na harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015feffaf bir \u015fekilde duyurmak, t\u00fcketiciler olarak bizlerin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de bu konunun takip\u00e7isi olmak.<\/p>\n

        *5 Ocak 2019 tarihinde Bianet’te yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        \u0130lkokulda \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi ile ilgili ilk \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fim bilgi, plastik po\u015fetlerin binlerce y\u0131l do\u011fada kalmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bir kez kullan\u0131p att\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir malzemenin binlerce y\u0131l do\u011fada kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek \u015fok edici bir bilgi, on ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6yleydi, \u015fimdi de.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":818,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[23],"p4-page-type":[29],"class_list":["post-817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biyocesitlilik-doga","tag-plastik","p4-page-type-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=817"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":819,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/817\/revisions\/819"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/818"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=817"},{"taxonomy":"p4-page-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/p4-page-type?post=817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}