{"id":8819,"date":"2024-11-21T09:57:42","date_gmt":"2024-11-21T06:57:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/?p=8819"},"modified":"2024-11-21T09:57:44","modified_gmt":"2024-11-21T06:57:44","slug":"turkiyeye-atik-ihracati-son-bes-yilda-ne-degisti-ve-plastik-kirliligine-karsi-umut-veren-bir-adim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/turkey\/blog\/turkiyeye-atik-ihracati-son-bes-yilda-ne-degisti-ve-plastik-kirliligine-karsi-umut-veren-bir-adim\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye At\u0131k \u0130hracat\u0131: Son Be\u015f Y\u0131lda Ne De\u011fi\u015fti ve Plastik Kirlili\u011fine Kar\u015f\u0131 Umut Veren Bir Ad\u0131m!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T\u00fcrkiye Avrupa\u2019dan plastik at\u0131k alan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda son be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131r ilk s\u0131rada. Bu ticaret ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fimdiye dek bir\u00e7ok \u00e7evresel ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sorununa yol a\u00e7t\u0131, geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan izler b\u0131rakt\u0131. Yasal ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan K\u00fcresel Plastik Anla\u015fmas\u0131, bu noktada \u00f6nemli bir f\u0131rsat sunuyor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Greenpeace T\u00fcrkiye plastik at\u0131k ithalat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yeni kampanyas\u0131nda<\/a> Avrupa \u00fclkelerine T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye plastik g\u00f6ndermeye son verme \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yaparken g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir K\u00fcresel Plastik Anla\u015fmas\u0131 talep ediyor.<\/p>\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin plastik at\u0131k ihracat\u0131ndaki rol\u00fc son y\u0131llarda s\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00fcndeme geliyor. Konuya dair daha \u00f6nce da farkl\u0131 ofislerince kampanyalar ve saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten Greenpeace, bu kampanyada T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin son be\u015f y\u0131ldaki birincili\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. <\/p>\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin birincili\u011fine giden yolculuk nas\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n
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T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin at\u0131k ihracat\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l 2019 oldu. 2019\u2019dan bu yana T\u00fcrkiye, \u00f6zellikle Avrupa \u00fclkelerinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 plastik at\u0131klar\u0131 katlanarak art\u0131rd\u0131 ve be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131r lider konumunu koruyor. Hat\u0131rlatmak gerekirse, 2018\u2019de \u00c7in plastik at\u0131k ithalat\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131 ve \u201cD\u00fcnyan\u0131n at\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeye son\u201d dedi; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7evre ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla tehdit edecek bir ticarete evet diyemezdi. Bu durum, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeleri at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6nderecek yeni destinasyonlar aramaya y\u00f6nlendirdi. Vietnam, Malezya ve Tayland gibi \u00fclkeler, bu at\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirildi\u011fi ilk adresler oldu. Ancak bu \u00fclkeler, b\u00fcy\u00fck miktardaki plastik at\u0131kla ba\u015f edemeyince, 2019\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in alarm zilleri \u00e7almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr olumsuz geli\u015fme, Greenpeace T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 sayesinde, \u0130talya\u2019dan \u0130zmir Kemalpa\u015fa\u2019ya getirilen yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6plerin g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n

Bu geli\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Aral\u0131k 2019\u2019da at\u0131k ithal eden firmalar\u0131n tesis kotalar\u0131n\u0131 %80\u2019den %50\u2019ye indirdi<\/a>. Yani art\u0131k t\u00fcm kapasitelerinin sadece %50\u2019sini ithal at\u0131klar\u0131 geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullanabileceklerdi. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye, yine de 2019\u2019da Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n plastik at\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ithal eden birinci \u00fclke oldu. Son 15 y\u0131lda ithalat\u0131n tam 173 kat artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlendi<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n

Haziran 2020\u2019de BBC\u2019nin Adana\u2019da yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cGeri D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme Benziyor Mu?\u201d adl\u0131 haber<\/a>, at\u0131k ithalat\u0131n\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle ayn\u0131 \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. Ocak 2021\u2019de \u00c7evre, \u015eehircilik ve \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k kodlu at\u0131k ithalat\u0131na yasaklar getirdi<\/a>. 2021\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131klanan verilere g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye 2020\u2019de de at\u0131k ithalat\u0131nda \u015fampiyon oldu ve hem de yine bir rekor seviye gelmi\u015fti: Son 16 y\u0131lda tam 241 kat art\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n\n

May\u0131s 2021\u2019de Greenpeace \u0130ngiltere, \u201cTrashed<\/a>\u201d raporunu yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Greenpeace \u0130ngiltere ve Almanya ile y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen saha ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan polietilen plastiklerin ithalat\u0131 yasakland\u0131<\/a>. Ancak Temmuz 2021\u2019de Polietilen yasa\u011f\u0131 Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geri \u00e7ekildi<\/a>. Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, at\u0131k ithalat\u0131nda \u00e7evre ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yararl\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme getirilmedi. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, en son yap\u0131lan K\u00fcresel Plastik Anla\u015fmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde (INC-4\/Nisan 2024)T\u00fcrkiye delegasyonunun verdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise \u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc bir tablo ortaya koydu<\/a>: \u201cT\u00fcrk delegasyonu, yeni ILBI (International Legally Binding Instrument\/K\u00fcresel Plastik Anla\u015fmas\u0131) ile ilgili UNEA 5\/14 karar\u0131na uygun olarak \u00e7evre korumay\u0131 \u00f6nceliklendiren bir anla\u015fma sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedeflemektedir. Ancak, ticareti engellemeyecek, kademeli ge\u00e7i\u015fleri sa\u011flayacak ve a\u011f\u0131r ticari y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler getirmeyecek \u015fekilde \u00fclkelerin mevcut durumlar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alan dengeli bir metin \u00fczerinde m\u00fczakere etmenin faydal\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.\u201d <\/em> <\/p>\n\n

D\u00fcnya genelinde oldu\u011fu gibi fosil yak\u0131t lobisiyle \u015fekillenen bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fczakerelerde kar odakl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m olduk\u00e7a belirgin. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc at\u0131k ticareti devam ederse, yerel at\u0131klar\u0131 toplama ve i\u015fleme sistemindeki sorunlara odaklanmak yerine \u201ctemiz\u201d olarak nitelendirilen geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin at\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fclkemize akmaya devam edecek. \u00d6zellikle Avrupa\u2019dan gelen plastik at\u0131klar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sekt\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in cazip g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de \u00e7evre ve halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir tablo \u00e7iziyor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ayyuka \u00e7\u0131kan yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 at\u0131k bertaraf\u0131 ve at\u0131k ticaretine ra\u011fmen bu konuda bilinen hi\u00e7bir yasal soru\u015fturma a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve herhangi bir ki\u015fi veya \u015firkete y\u00f6nelik su\u00e7lama yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ise ayr\u0131ca dikkat \u00e7ekici. Yani \u201cKirleten \u00d6der\u201d ilkesinin pratikte bir uygulamas\u0131 yok. Ancak bilimsel olarak da biliyoruz ki bu ticaret ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fimdiye dek bir\u00e7ok \u00e7evresel ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sorununa yol a\u00e7t\u0131, geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan izler b\u0131rakt\u0131: \u201cAt\u0131k Oyunlar\u0131<\/strong><\/a>\u201d raporumuzla kanserojen dioksin ve furanlar\u0131n, literat\u00fcrdeki al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oranlar\u0131n 400.000 bin kata kadar fazla \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kamuoyuyla payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. <\/p>\n\n

D\u00fcnyada Bu Konuda Geli\u015fmeler ve T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in Bo\u015fluk<\/h3>\n\n

2004’ten bu yana, Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nden (AB), AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelere yap\u0131lan at\u0131k ihracat\u0131 %72 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015f<\/a>. AB\u2019nin yeni d\u00fczenlemesi (EU Waste Shipments Regulation), AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yap\u0131lan at\u0131k ihracat\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor; buna g\u00f6re OECD d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fclkelere at\u0131k g\u00f6nderimi yaln\u0131zca s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir y\u00f6netim garantisi sa\u011flanmas\u0131 durumunda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacak. Ayr\u0131ca, plastik at\u0131klar\u0131n OECD d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fclkelere ihracat\u0131 2026\u2019dan itibaren yasaklan\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye, OECD \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fundan bu d\u00fczenlemeler do\u011frudan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ihracat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlam\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n

2023 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n toplam plastik at\u0131k ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %24\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f; bu da demektir ki, her d\u00f6rt Avrupa at\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan biri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gelmi\u015f… Peki, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin t\u00fcm OECD \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda AB\u2019den at\u0131k alma pay\u0131 ne? %56! Yani Avrupa\u2019dan OECD \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderilen her iki at\u0131ktan biri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de son buluyor. Ve bu sadece AB \u00fclkeleri, yani son be\u015f senede T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye rekor seviyede at\u0131k g\u00f6nderen \u0130ngiltere, bu denkleme dahil de\u011fil. \u00c7ok g\u00fcncel bir EIA (Environmental Investigation Agency) ve Everyday Plastic ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019de iki b\u00fcy\u00fck perakendecinin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7in toplanan yumu\u015fak plastik ambalaj at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n %70’inin, bilinen bir var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fini, geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n da \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geldi\u011fini if\u015fa etti<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in mevzuatta \u00f6nemli bo\u015fluklar mevcut. 2023\u2019te T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6nderilen at\u0131klar\u0131n ilk sorumlu \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, Eurostat (Avrupa \u0130statistik Ofisi) ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) Comtrade veritaban\u0131ndan elde edilen verilere g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n\n