{"id":3873,"date":"2023-03-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-28T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www-prod.greenpeace.org\/usa\/campaign-updates\/3873\/financial-institutions-need-to-support-a-code-change-to-cleanup-bitcoin\/"},"modified":"2024-12-12T19:04:32","modified_gmt":"2024-12-12T19:04:32","slug":"financial-institutions-need-to-support-a-code-change-to-cleanup-bitcoin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenpeace.org\/usa\/financial-institutions-need-to-support-a-code-change-to-cleanup-bitcoin\/","title":{"rendered":"Financial Institutions Need to Support a Code Change to Cleanup Bitcoin"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"p4descriptive_paragraph\">Big financial services companies like Fidelity need to acknowledge Bitcoin\u2019s climate pollution and other environmental impacts by taking responsibility for the problem. The financial industry is generating revenue and creating services to help grow this energy-intensive cryptocurrency. At the same time, corporate pledges to reduce carbon emissions and sustainability plans don\u2019t include Bitcoin\u2019s climate impacts or risks. <\/span><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large p4featured_image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/planet4-usa-stateless\/2024\/11\/686b7e2c-gp0stvtof_web_size.jpg\" alt=\"The Skull of Satoshi Makes a New York Debut\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Art and activism merge in the striking art installation called the Skull of Satoshi, created by art activist Benjamin Von Wong and Greenpeace USA to highlight Bitcoin\u2019s record of climate destruction.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduction<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cHumanity is on thin ice \u2014 and that ice is melting fast\u2026Our world needs climate action on all fronts \u2014 everything, everywhere, all at once.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres March 2023<\/span><\/i><a href=\"#Borenstein\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The impacts of our climate crisis are growing every day. The fossil fuel industry continues to threaten lives and livelihoods, from families in Florida struggling to rebuild after Hurricane Ian to farmers in Central America displaced by drought to children living near coal-fired power plants suffering from asthma.<\/span><a href=\"#Bermeo\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Our society needs rapid decarbonization to avert accelerating climate change damage. According to the International Energy Association, achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 is necessary for limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 C, which requires no more investments in fossil fuel supplies and rapid growth of renewable energy.<\/span><a href=\"#IEA\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perhaps surprisingly, Bitcoin has become a substantial and growing barrier to slashing carbon emissions and phasing out fossil fuels. Bitcoin\u2019s consensus mechanism or validating transactions on its digital ledger or blockchain consumes massive amounts of electricity from fossil fuels. Globally, its <\/span><b>largest single source of electricity is coal-fired power plants.<\/b><a href=\"#Neumueller\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The digital \u201cmining\u201d involved in maintaining Bitcoin is now emitting more greenhouse gas emissions than many small and mid-sized countries.<\/span><a href=\"#CDAP\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The financial industry is critical to all aspects of Bitcoin \u2013 from financing large digital \u201cmining\u201d companies, facilitating conversions to and from fiat currencies, and making the technology more accessible and widely adopted.<\/span><a href=\"#Choe\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Financial companies in various sectors are boosting their crypto and Bitcoin business, despite pledges to reduce climate emissions and increase corporate sustainability. <\/span><b>Banks, asset managers, and payment processing companies need to take responsibility for the climate and community impacts of Bitcoin and support a code change to solve these growing problems at a global scale.<\/b><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bitcoin\u2019s Dirty Energy Problem<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The source of Bitcoin\u2019s climate problem comes from its code. Here is how it works. Bitcoin is a digital cryptocurrency that operates outside of a central bank or government by using a decentralized and collectively-maintained database, or digital ledger, a record of all Bitcoin transactions stored on the blockchain. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The records\u2019 accuracy is protected through cryptography to prevent double counting and fraudulent transactions.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This process requires a mechanism for validating transactions. Bitcoin does this through \u201cProof of Work\u201d \u2013 meaning users must show they are committed to protecting the system\u2019s integrity by putting in work, and thereby consuming electricity.<\/span><a href=\"#Whittaker\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">7<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The \u201cwork\u201d is like a massive guessing game in which specialized computers, called ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits), race against one another to guess the right answer to an algorithm. The computers act like random number generators, and those with more computing power can guess more numbers in less time, increasing their chances of picking the correct number. The winner gets to validate a new set, or \u201cblock,\u201d of Bitcoin transactions added to the blockchain, and is rewarded with newly \u201cmined\u201d Bitcoin and fees.<\/span><a href=\"#Huang\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Speed demands large amounts of energy to power warehouses full of computers. Bitcoin mining is estimated to use more electricity than some entire countries, including what the Philippines and the Netherlands consumed in 2020.<\/span><a href=\"#TCC\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the U.S., the seven largest crypto mining companies use the same amount of electricity needed to power every residence in Houston, with a population of 2.3 million people.<\/span><a href=\"#Huang2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bitcoin mining is estimated to use more electricity than Netherlands<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The amount of electricity will only increase; as more miners join the competition and computers become faster, Bitcoin\u2019s system automatically adjusts making it more difficult to guess the right number, thus requiring even more computing power and electricity.<\/span><a href=\"#Ibid\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">11<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In 2014 the electricity to mine a single Bitcoin was equal to what an average U.S. household used in 275 days but by 2022 that skyrocketed to around nine years.<\/span><a href=\"#Ibid2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cheaper the energy source, the more profit for the miners. Thus, miners have an incentive to seek cheap energy, which often means polluting fossil fuels like coal power. Researchers at Cambridge University estimate that 62% of the electricity used for Bitcoin mining globally in 2022 came from fossil fuels, with the most from coal and only 26% from renewables.<\/span><a href=\"#CDAP2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">13<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Bitcoin mining companies have even reopened mothballed coal-fired power plants in the U.S.<\/span><a href=\"#Roeck\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The world needs to speed up the transition away from coal, not bring more coal power online.<\/span><a href=\"#Gambhir\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">15<\/span><\/a> <b>The dirty energy powering the Bitcoin mining industry in 2021 produced around 65.4 MtCO2 annually, comparable to country-level emissions from Greece.<\/b><a href=\"#Vries\"><b>16<\/b><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bitcoin\u2019s carbon footprint has only grown over time. Researchers estimate that in 2021, a single mined Bitcoin was responsible for emitting 126 times the CO2 as a Bitcoin mined in 2016.<\/span><a href=\"#Jones\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The environmental damages from Bitcoin go beyond the GHG emissions. Communities living near Bitcoin mining facilities face an array of negative impacts from air, water, and noise pollution. Stronghold Digital Mining, a company in which Fidelity Investments holds stocks, has purchased several waste-coal-fired power plants in Pennsylvania.<\/span><a href=\"#FEMI\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">18<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Waste coal is one of the dirtiest forms of energy. Nearby residents are exposed to hazardous air pollution including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen, and safety risks from large trucks carrying waste coal on small country roads to the plant.<\/span><a href=\"#DeRoche\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Communities across the U.S. living near Bitcoin mines have also complained about the constant noise from the 24-hour operations.<\/span><a href=\"#Monga\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20<\/span><\/a> <b>One person living near a mining facility in Limestone, Tennessee, described the noise as \u201clike a jet engine idling on a nearby tarmac.\u201d<\/b><a href=\"#Williams\"><b>21<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Water pollution can come from water withdrawal and discharge for power plant operations and cooling mining facilities, solid waste from burning fossil fuels, and land use changes from the construction of these industrial operations.<\/span><a href=\"#WHouse\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">22<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The thousands of specialized Bitcoin mining computers only last a short time, and quickly become obsolete and turn into e-waste. Data is incomplete, but one estimate suggests Bitcoin mining generates roughly 45.51 kt of e-waste in a year, equivalent to the IT waste generated by the Netherlands.<\/span><a href=\"#Vries2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">23<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ties Between Big Finance and Polluting Bitcoin<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While Bitcoin began as an alternative to traditional banking, it has become increasingly interconnected with the mainstream financial sector, which is helping grow Bitcoin and, in turn, its environmental damages. <\/span><b>Some of the world\u2019s largest banks, asset managers, and payment processing companies are creating new crypto-related services and platforms, and funding Bitcoin mining companies \u2013 all of which impact the climate crisis.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many different financial sectors are getting into cryptocurrency and providing services, capital, and expertise vital to Bitcoin\u2019s expansion. Asset managers like Fidelity Investments control funds that own stock in Bitcoin mining companies and offer investment products that let institutional and retail customers bet on the price of Bitcoin.<\/span><a href=\"#Greifeld\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">24<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Banks, such as Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan Chase, are creating new opportunities for clients to invest in Bitcoin and the crypto sector, doing research and consulting on cryptocurrency, and directly investing in Bitcoin miners.<\/span><a href=\"#Leising\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Banks also provide vital services for cryptocurrency companies, like exchanges, to conduct daily operations, and move Bitcoin back and forth between U.S. Dollars.<\/span><a href=\"#Vigna\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">26<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Meanwhile payment processing companies are making it easier to use Bitcoin for everyday transactions and partnering with crypto exchange companies to offer debit and credit cards that use Bitcoin.<\/span><a href=\"#Andriotis\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">27<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While these large financial services companies have made pledges to reduce their carbon emissions, they continue to invest in carbon-intensive Bitcoin. Many banks, asset managers, and payment processing companies have supported the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement and made net-zero emissions pledges, joining global initiatives like the United Nations Net-Zero Banking Alliance, the United Nations Net-Zero Asset Owner Alliance, and the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net-Zero.<\/span><a href=\"#UNEP\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Yet these <\/span><b>companies continue to invest in Bitcoin and have largely failed to report their Bitcoin-related emissions.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Companies know there is a problem. In 2017, Mastercard stated in its Corporate Sustainability Report that \u201cnew research shows that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin are inherently more energy-intensive than Mastercard\u2019s payment network.\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#Mastercard\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">29<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Yet Bitcoin\u2019s decentralized nature seems to have distributed responsibility for its impacts. Without traditional leadership, Bitcoin\u2019s future depends on its users and stakeholders to guide its future. To date leaders in the financial industry have yet to acknowledge responsibility for the problem or taken meaningful steps to push for a code change that would clean up Bitcoin\u2019s climate impacts. <\/span><b>As the climate crisis worsens and Bitcoin\u2019s appetite for electricity continues to grow, so will the pressure on financial firms tied to Bitcoin to address its impacts.<\/b><\/p>\n<h3><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fidelity Investments<\/span><\/i><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our research finds that Fidelity Investments, the fourth largest asset manager in the world, is making a big splash into Bitcoin and leading the way for the financial industry.<\/span><a href=\"#SWFI\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">30<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Fidelity was an early adopter of cryptocurrencies with a foray into Bitcoin mining in 2014 under the leadership of the new CEO Abigail Johnson, who is positioning the company to be a leader in cryptocurrency.<\/span><a href=\"#Kail\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">31<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Fidelity now offers many ways for institutional, private, and retail customers to invest in Bitcoin, and is using its brand and reputation to instill a sense of trust in volatile and polluting Bitcoin.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The company started a unit, Fidelity Digital Assets, in 2018 to focus on crypto investments and services.<\/span><a href=\"#Nicolle\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">32<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The unit began by offering crypto trading and custody \u2013\u00a0 taking responsibility for securely storing investors\u2019 digital assets \u2013 for institutions. In March 2023, the company launched its own Bitcoin trading and custody program for retail customers called \u201cFidelity Crypto.\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#Bambysheva\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This move marks the first time a major financial institution got involved in directly trading cryptocurrencies and could compete with exchanges run by crypto-focused companies like Coinbase.<\/span><a href=\"#Bambysheva2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">34<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a major move that could bring Bitcoin investing to millions of Americans, the company announced in 2022 that employers with Fidelity 401(k) retirement plans now have an option to let their employees direct a portion of savings into Bitcoin.<\/span><a href=\"#Woolley\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This decision sparked widespread concern from regulators and policy-makers. The Department of Labor issued guidance suggesting 401(k) plans avoid speculative and volatile crypto investments.<\/span><a href=\"#USDL\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">36<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through Fidelity\u2019s numerous investment funds, the company enables investing in Bitcoin and holds stock in many Bitcoin-related companies. Fidelity is the first major asset manager to create an exchange-traded fund (ETF) tied to the current price of Bitcoin, the Fidelity Advantage Bitcoin ETF (FBTC). FBTC is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, which lets clients indirectly invest in Bitcoin.<\/span><a href=\"#Johnson\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">37<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Fidelity Crypto Industry and Digital Payments ETF (FDIG) invests in crypto-related companies.<\/span><a href=\"#FDIG\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">38<\/span><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fidelity holds stock in publicly traded Bitcoin mining companies, such as Marathon Digital Holdings, through these crypto-specific and other general market funds.<\/span><a href=\"#Pan\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">39<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the same time, Fidelity has sustainability goals and reports on environmental and climate issues. Fidelity is a signatory to the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment and supports recommendations from the Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures. Fidelity\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2021 Environmental Report<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> states that the company\u2019s goal is, \u201cto reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by expanding use of renewable energy, with a dedicated focus on reducing carbon.\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#Fidelity\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">40<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The company\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Sustainability Statement of Intent<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> claims it is beginning to adopt sustainability throughout the business, including fund operations, products, risk management, and procurement.<\/span><a href=\"#Fidelity2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recommendations<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Big financial services companies like Fidelity need to acknowledge Bitcoin\u2019s climate pollution and other environmental impacts by taking responsibility for the problem. The financial industry is generating revenue and creating services to help grow this energy-intensive cryptocurrency. At the same time, <\/span><b>corporate pledges to reduce carbon emissions and sustainability plans don\u2019t include Bitcoin\u2019s climate impacts or risks.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To help solve Bitcoin\u2019s climate problem, these companies can use financial clout and influence to incentivize a Bitcoin code change that virtually eliminates its climate impacts and aligns Bitcoin with many other and newer cryptocurrencies that use dramatically less electricity.<\/span><a href=\"#Vries3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">42<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Financial companies can lead the way by convening experts, funders, and policymakers to create a clean-future for Bitcoin. Now is the time to catalyze creativity and ingenuity to design the next revolution in cryptocurrency.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Financial companies can use clout and influence to incentivize a Bitcoin code change that virtually eliminates its climate impacts<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other cryptocurrencies have also changed, like Ethereum, the second largest cryptocurrency in the world. It slashed its energy use by 99.95% by transitioning from a Proof of Work consensus mechanism to a form of Proof of Stake.<\/span><a href=\"#Ibid3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">43<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Bitcoin\u2019s code has changed in the past and can be changed again to protect our climate and communities.<\/b><a href=\"#Sigalos\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">44<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Its code is open and transparent; anyone with the requisite skills can propose code modifications. The main challenge is not technical, but social; large and small stakeholders within the Bitcoin community can champion improvements and must reach consensus on making changes.<\/span><a href=\"#Castor\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bitcoin can thrive without energy-intensive, noisy, and polluting digital mining. Bitcoin\u2019s future growth may depend on it. The technology is still in its early years, having debuted in 2009. With the right resources, incentives, and support, new methods of securing its ledger and maintaining decentralization can be developed and adopted. To achieve this change, financial institutions connected to the system must work with other stakeholders to change it for the better.<\/span><\/p>\n<h1><\/h1>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">References<\/span><\/h1>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"Borenstein\">Borenstein, Seth and Frank Jordans. March 20, 2023. \u201cWorld on \u2018thin ice\u2019 as UN climate report gives stark warning.\u201d <i>Associated Press. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/un-climate-change-report-ipcc-guterres-science-30d8451c0f3fb7b8a857e3ed4fd01172\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/un-climate-change-report-ipcc-guterres-science-30d8451c0f3fb7b8a857e3ed4fd01172<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Bermeo\">Bermeo, Sarah, David Leblang, and Gabriela Nagle Alverio. March 2022. \u201c Root Causes of Migration from Guatemala: Analysis of Subnational Trends.\u201d <i>Duke Center for International Development.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/dcid.sanford.duke.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/03\/Migration-Policy-Brief-Guatemala-FINAL.pdf\">https:\/\/dcid.sanford.duke.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/03\/Migration-Policy-Brief-Guatemala-FINAL.pdf<\/a>; Komisarow, Sarah, and Emily L. Pakhtigian. May 2021. \u201cThe Effect of Coal-Fired Power Plant Closures on Emergency Department Visits for Asthma-Related Conditions Among 0- to 4-Year-Old Children in Chicago, 2009-2017.\u201d <i>American Journal of Public Health<\/i> 111, no. 5: 881\u201389.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306155\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306155<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"IEA\">International Energy Agency. 2021. \u201cNet Zero by 2050.\u201d Paris. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/net-zero-by-2050\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/net-zero-by-2050<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Neumueller\">Neumueller, Alexander. September 27, 2022. \u201cA deep dive into Bitcoin\u2019s environmental impact.\u201d <i>Cambridge Judge Business School. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jbs.cam.ac.uk\/insight\/2022\/a-deep-dive-into-Bitcoins-environmental-impact\/\">https:\/\/www.jbs.cam.ac.uk\/insight\/2022\/a-deep-dive-into-Bitcoins-environmental-impact\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"CDAP\">Cambridge Digital Assets Programme (CDAP) at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. \u201cGreenhouse Gas Emissions Comparisons \u2013 Country Comparisons.\u201d The Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI). <a href=\"https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/ghg\/comparisons\">https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/ghg\/comparisons<\/a>; Huang, Jon, Claire O\u2019Neill, and Hiroko Tabuchi. September 3, 2021.\u201cBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?\u201d <i>The New York Times<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Choe\">Choe, Stan. October 19, 2021. \u201cAs Bitcoin goes mainstream, Wall Street looks to cash in.\u201d <i>Associated Press<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/technology-business-bitcoin-f6d7ba724bf156fd5d603661c99fd5c2\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/technology-business-bitcoin-f6d7ba724bf156fd5d603661c99fd5c2<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Whittaker\">Whittaker, Matt and Farran Powell. July 22, 2022. \u201cHow Does Bitcoin Mining Work?\u201d <i>Forbes. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/advisor\/investing\/cryptocurrency\/bitcoin-mining\/\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/advisor\/investing\/cryptocurrency\/Bitcoin-mining\/<\/a>; Huang, Jon, Claire O\u2019Neill and Hiroko Tabuchi. September 3, 2021. \u201cBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?\u201d <i>New York Times.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/Bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Huang\">Huang, Jon, Claire O\u2019Neill and Hiroko Tabuchi. September 3, 2021. \u201cBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?\u201d <i>New York Times.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/Bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"TCC\">The Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) estimates Bitcoin uses 122 TWh\/yr of electricity. \u201cCambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index \u2013 Country Comparisons.\u201d 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/index\/comparisons\">https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/index\/comparisons<\/a>; Country data is drawn from U.S. Energy Information Administration Country data available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/data\/world\/electricity\/electricity-consumption\">https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/international\/data\/world\/electricity\/electricity-consumption<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Huang2\">Huang, Jon, Claire O\u2019Neill and Hiroko Tabuchi. September 3, 2021. \u201cBitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?\u201d <i>New York Times.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/09\/03\/climate\/Bitcoin-carbon-footprint-electricity.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Ibid\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/li>\n<li id=\"Ibid2\"><i>Ibid.<\/i> Data used in the analysis is from the U.S. Energy Information Administration and Blockchain.com.<\/li>\n<li id=\"CDAP2\">Cambridge Digital Assets Programme (CDAP) at the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. 2023. \u201cBitcoin Electricity Consumption by Source (yearly).\u201d The Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI).\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/ghg\/index\">https:\/\/ccaf.io\/cbeci\/ghg\/index<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Roeck\">Roeck, Martin and Thomas Drennen. 2022. \u201cLife cycle assessment of behind-the-meter Bitcoin mining at US power plants.\u201d <i>International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment<\/i>. 27, 355\u2013365. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11367-022-02025-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11367-022-02025-0<\/a>;<\/li>\n<li id=\"Gambhir\">Gambhir, Ajay. February 2023.\u201cPowering Past Coal Is Not Enough.\u201d <i>Nature Climate Change<\/i> 13, no. 2: 117\u201318. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-022-01574-4\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-022-01574-4<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Vries\">de Vries, Alex, Ulrich Gallersd\u00f6rfer, Lena Klaa\u00dfen, and Christian Stoll. 2022. \u201cRevisiting Bitcoin\u2019s Carbon Footprint.\u201d <i>Joule<\/i> 6(3):498\u2013502. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joule.2022.02.005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joule.2022.02.005<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Jones\">Jones, Benjamin A., Andrew L. Goodkind, and Robert P. Berrens. September 29, 2022. \u201cEconomic Estimation of Bitcoin Mining\u2019s Climate Damages Demonstrates Closer Resemblance to Digital Crude than Digital Gold.\u201d <i>Scientific Reports<\/i> 12, no. 1 14512. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18686-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-18686-8<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"FEMI\">Based on data from March 2, 2023, Fidelity Extended Market Index Fund held 99,376 shares, Fidelity Series Total Market Index Fund held 25,776 shares, Fidelity Total Market Index Fund held 11,479 shares, and Fidelity NASDAQ Composite Index Fund 10,185 in Stronghold Digital Mining, accessed at Yahoo Finance (https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/quote\/SDIG\/holders?p=SDIG); DeRoche, Mandy, Jeremy Fisher, Nick Thorpe, and Megan Wachspress. September 2022. \u201cThe Energy Bomb: How Proof-of-Work Cryptocurrency Mining Worsens the Climate Crisis and Harms Communities Now.\u201d <i>Earthjustice <\/i>and <i>The Sierra Club. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/earthjustice.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/energy_bomb_bitcoin_white_paper_101322.pdf\">https:\/\/earthjustice.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/energy_bomb_Bitcoin_white_paper_101322.pdf<\/a>; Endres, Evan D. November 18, 2015. \u201cWaste Coal: Time to finish what we started.\u201d PennFuture. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pennfuture.org\/Blog-Item-Waste-Coal-Time-to-finish-what-we-started\">https:\/\/www.pennfuture.org\/Blog-Item-Waste-Coal-Time-to-finish-what-we-started<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"DeRoche\">DeRoche, Mandy, Jeremy Fisher, Nick Thorpe, and Megan Wachspress. September 2022. \u201cThe Energy Bomb: How Proof-of-Work Cryptocurrency Mining Worsens the Climate Crisis and Harms Communities Now.\u201d <i>Earthjustice <\/i>and <i>The Sierra Club. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/earthjustice.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/energy_bomb_bitcoin_white_paper_101322.pdf\">https:\/\/earthjustice.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/energy_bomb_Bitcoin_white_paper_101322.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Monga\">Monga, Vipal. November 12, 2021. \u201cBitcoin Mining Noise Drives Neighbors Nuts\u2014a Giant Dentist Drill That Won\u2019t Stop.\u201d <i>Wall Street Journal<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/bitcoin-mining-noise-drives-neighbors-nuts-giant-dentist-drill-that-wont-stop-11636730904\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/Bitcoin-mining-noise-drives-neighbors-nuts-giant-dentist-drill-that-wont-stop-11636730904<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Williams\">Williams, Kevin. March 18, 2022. \u201cAn Appalachian town was told a Bitcoin mine would bring an economic boom. It got noise pollution and an eyesore? <i>Washington Post. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2022\/03\/18\/bitcoin-mining-noise-pollution-appalachia\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2022\/03\/18\/Bitcoin-mining-noise-pollution-appalachia\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"WHouse\">White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. September 8, 2022. \u201cClimate and Energy Implications of Crypto-Assets in the United States.\u201d Washington, DC. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/09-2022-Crypto-Assets-and-Climate-Report.pdf\">https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/09-2022-Crypto-Assets-and-Climate-Report.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Vries2\">Vries, Alex de, and Christian Stoll. December 1, 2021. \u201cBitcoin\u2019s Growing e-Waste Problem.\u201d <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling <\/i>175: 105901. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105901\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2021.105901<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Greifeld\">Greifeld, Katherine and Isabelle Lee. April 21, 2022. \u201cFidelity Bulks Up Its Thematic Lineup With Crypto and Metaverse ETFs.\u201d <i>Bloomberg<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-04-21\/fidelity-bulks-up-thematic-lineup-with-crypto-metaverse-etfs\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-04-21\/fidelity-bulks-up-thematic-lineup-with-crypto-metaverse-etfs<\/a>; Baer, Justin. September 12, 2022. \u201cFidelity Weighs Bitcoin Trading on Brokerage Platform.\u201d <i>Wall Street Journal. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/fidelity-weighs-bitcoin-trading-on-brokerage-platform-11663008698\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/fidelity-weighs-bitcoin-trading-on-brokerage-platform-11663008698<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Leising\">Leising, Matthew. May 16, 2021. \u201cGoldman Offers New Bitcoin Derivatives to Wall Street Investors.\u201d <i>Bloomberg Law<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/securities-law\/goldman-offers-new-bitcoin-derivatives-to-wall-street-investors?utm_source=rss&amp;utm_medium=SLNW&amp;utm_campaign=00000179-42ec-d779-a37b-caffdf410003\">https:\/\/news.bloomberglaw.com\/securities-law\/goldman-offers-new-Bitcoin-derivatives-to-wall-street-investors?utm_source=rss&amp;utm_medium=SLNW&amp;utm_campaign=00000179-42ec-d779-a37b-caffdf410003<\/a>; Bambysheva, Nina and Michael del Castillo. February 7, 2023. \u201cHow Mastercard, Goldman Sachs And Other \u201cTradFi\u201d Titans Are Using Blockchain To Rewire Global Finance.\u201d <i>Forbes<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/ninabambysheva\/2023\/02\/07\/how-mastercard-goldman-sachs-and-other-tradfi-titans-are-using-blockchain-to-rewire-global-finance\/?sh=727a9e57339f\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/ninabambysheva\/2023\/02\/07\/how-mastercard-goldman-sachs-and-other-tradfi-titans-are-using-blockchain-to-rewire-global-finance\/?sh=727a9e57339f<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Vigna\">Vigna, Paul. May 12, 2020. \u201cJPMorgan Extends Banking Services to Bitcoin Exchanges.\u201d <i>Wall Street Journal. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/jpmorgan-extends-banking-services-to-bitcoin-exchanges-11589281201\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/jpmorgan-extends-banking-services-to-bitcoin-exchanges-11589281201<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Andriotis\">Andriotis, Anna Maria. July 9, 2022. \u201cCryptocurrency Is Coming to Your Credit Cards.\u201d <i>Wall Street Journal<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/cryptocurrency-is-coming-to-your-credit-cards-11657374215\">https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/cryptocurrency-is-coming-to-your-credit-cards-11657374215<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"UNEP\">UN Environmental Program. \u201cNet-Zero Banking Alliance.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unepfi.org\/net-zero-banking\/\">https:\/\/www.unepfi.org\/net-zero-banking\/<\/a>; Alderman, Liz and Eshe Nelson. November 3, 2021. \u201cGlobal finance industry says it has $130 trillion to invest in efforts to tackle climate change.\u201d <i>New York Times. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/11\/03\/world\/europe\/cop26-climate-change-finance-industry.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/11\/03\/world\/europe\/cop26-climate-change-finance-industry.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Mastercard\">Mastercard. 2017. \u201cMastercard Corporate Sustainability Report \u2013 2017.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mastercard.us\/content\/dam\/mccom\/global\/aboutus\/Sustainability\/mastercard-sustainability-report-2017.pdf\">https:\/\/www.mastercard.us\/content\/dam\/mccom\/global\/aboutus\/Sustainability\/mastercard-sustainability-report-2017.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"SWFI\">Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute. 2023. \u201cTop 100 Largest Fund Manager Rankings by Managed AUM.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swfinstitute.org\/fund-manager-rankings\">https:\/\/www.swfinstitute.org\/fund-manager-rankings<\/a>; Fidelity Investments. \u201cAbout Our Company.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fidelity.com\/about-fidelity\/our-company\">https:\/\/www.fidelity.com\/about-fidelity\/our-company<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"Kail\">Kail, Benjamin. May 18, 2022. \u201cCrypto key in Fidelity\u2019s future, but \u2018still a lot of uncertainty,\u2019 CEO Abby Johnson says.\u201d <i>The Business Journals \u2013 BizWomen. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bizjournals.com\/bizwomen\/news\/latest-news\/2022\/05\/crypto-abby-johnson.html?page=all\">https:\/\/www.bizjournals.com\/bizwomen\/news\/latest-news\/2022\/05\/crypto-abby-johnson.html?page=all<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Nicolle\">Nicolle, Emily. October 21, 2022. \u201cFidelity Deepens Crypto Push With 100 More Hires for Unit.\u201d <i>Bloomberg News. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-10-21\/fidelity-investments-crypto-unit-to-add-another-100-employees\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-10-21\/fidelity-investments-crypto-unit-to-add-another-100-employees<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Bambysheva\">Bambysheva, Nina. March 16, 2023. \u201cAmid Crypto Bank Crisis, Fidelity Expands Bitcoin, Ether Trading To Most Retail Accounts.\u201d <i>Forbes<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/digital-assets\/2023\/03\/16\/amid-crypto-bank-crisis-fidelity-opens-bitcoin-ether-trading-for-retail--accounts\/?sh=2cd153761670\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/digital-assets\/2023\/03\/16\/amid-crypto-bank-crisis-fidelity-opens-bitcoin-ether-trading-for-retail\u2013accounts\/?sh=2cd153761670<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Bambysheva2\">Bambysheva, Nina. November 4, 2022. \u201cFidelity Readies Retail Bitcoin, Ether Trades Without Commissions But With A Fee.\u201d <i>Forbes<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/ninabambysheva\/2022\/11\/04\/fidelity-readies-retail-bitcoin-ether-trades-without-commissions-but-with-a-fee\/?sh=107a192374c0\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/ninabambysheva\/2022\/11\/04\/fidelity-readies-retail-Bitcoin-ether-trades-without-commissions-but-with-a-fee\/?sh=107a192374c0<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"Woolley\">Woolley, Suzanne. April 26, 2022. \u201cFidelity Investments Unveils a Crypto Option for 401(k) Plans.\u201d <i>Bloomberg News. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-04-26\/fidelity-launches-product-for-401-k-plan-crypto-investments\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-04-26\/fidelity-launches-product-for-401-k-plan-crypto-investments<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"USDL\">U.S. Department of Labor. March 10, 2022. \u201cCompliance Assistance Release No. 2022-01 \u2013 401(k) Plan Investments in \u2018Cryptocurrencies.\u2019\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/agencies\/ebsa\/employers-and-advisers\/plan-administration-and-compliance\/compliance-assistance-releases\/2022-01\">https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/agencies\/ebsa\/employers-and-advisers\/plan-administration-and-compliance\/compliance-assistance-releases\/2022-01<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Johnson\">Johnson, Steve. December 2, 2021. \u201cFidelity set to launch physical spot Bitcoin ETF.\u201d <i>Financial Times<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/f2a6d440-804e-4e32-93f1-a9ee2bbf0715\">https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/f2a6d440-804e-4e32-93f1-a9ee2bbf0715<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"FDIG\">\u201cFDIG Quote \u2013 Fidelity Crypto Industry And Digital Payments ETF.\u201d <i>Bloomberg<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/quote\/FDIG:US\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/quote\/FDIG:US<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"Pan\">Pan, David. February 2, 2023. \u201cCrypto Miner Marathon Digital Made First Bitcoin Sales as Token Soared in January.\u201d <i>Bloomberg News. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2023-02-03\/crypto-miner-marathon-digital-made-first-bitcoin-sales-as-token-soared\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2023-02-03\/crypto-miner-marathon-digital-made-first-Bitcoin-sales-as-token-soared<\/a>; Linecker, Adelia Cellini. September 1, 2022. \u201cMarathon Digital Holdings Stock Struggles As Bitcoin Tumbles.\u201d <i>Investors Business Daily. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.investors.com\/news\/marathon-digital-mara-stock-buy-now\/\">https:\/\/www.investors.com\/news\/marathon-digital-mara-stock-buy-now\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Fidelity\">Fidelity Investments. 2021. \u201c2021 Environmental Report.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fidelity.com\/bin-public\/060_www_fidelity_com\/documents\/about-fidelity\/Fidelity-Investments_2021-Environmental-Report.pdf\">https:\/\/www.fidelity.com\/bin-public\/060_www_fidelity_com\/documents\/about-fidelity\/Fidelity-Investments_2021-Environmental-Report.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Fidelity2\">Fidelity Investments. September 17, 2021. \u201cEnvironmental Sustainability Statement of Intent.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fidelity.com\/bin-public\/060_www_fidelity_com\/documents\/about-fidelity\/2021_Environmental_Sustainability_Statement_of_Intent.pdf\">https:\/\/www.fidelity.com\/bin-public\/060_www_fidelity_com\/documents\/about-fidelity\/2021_Environmental_Sustainability_Statement_of_Intent.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Vries3\">de Vries, Alex. 2023. \u201cCryptocurrencies on the Road to Sustainability: Ethereum Paving the Way for Bitcoin.\u201d Patterns 4(1). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patter.2022.100633\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patter.2022.100633<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Ibid3\"><i>Ibid.<\/i><\/li>\n<li id=\"Sigalos\">Sigalos, MacKenzie. June 13, 2021.\u201cBitcoin just got its first makeover in four years.\u201d <i>CNBC. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/06\/12\/bitcoin-taproot-upgrade-what-it-means.html#:~:text=Dado%20Ruvic%20%7C%20Reuters-,The%20first%20bitcoin%20upgrade%20in%20four%20years%20has%20just%20been,to%20take%20effect%20in%20November\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/06\/12\/bitcoin-taproot-upgrade-what-it-means.html#:~:text=Dado%20Ruvic%20%7C%20Reuters-,The%20first%20bitcoin%20upgrade%20in%20four%20years%20has%20just%20been,to%20take%20effect%20in%20November<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li id=\"Castor\">Castor, Amy. February 28, 2023. \u201cEthereum moved to proof of stake. Why can\u2019t Bitcoin?.\u201d <i>MIT Technology Review. <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2023\/02\/28\/1069190\/ethereum-moved-to-proof-of-stake-why-cant-bitcoin\/\">https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2023\/02\/28\/1069190\/ethereum-moved-to-proof-of-stake-why-cant-bitcoin\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction \u201cHumanity is on thin ice \u2014 and that ice is melting fast\u2026Our world needs climate action on all fronts \u2014 everything, everywhere, all at once.\u201d United Nations Secretary-General Antonio&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":65,"featured_media":6316,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"p4_og_title":"","p4_og_description":"","p4_og_image":"","p4_og_image_id":"","p4_seo_canonical_url":"","p4_campaign_name":"","p4_local_project":"","p4_basket_name":"","p4_department":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[209],"tags":[50,95],"p4-page-type":[29],"class_list":["post-3873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bitcoin-campaign","tag-bitcoin","tag-fidelity","p4-page-type-research"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.9 (Yoast SEO v23.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Financial Institutions Need to Support a Code Change to Cleanup Bitcoin - Greenpeace<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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