Only a few days into 2026, around 15 thousand liters of drilling fluid leaked out of the well where Brazilian oil company Petrobrás has been drilling, near the Amazon River Basin. This area is well known for having an almost completely pristine ecosystem, that is still considered unexplored and home to the Great Amazon Reef.

Deep Dive in the Amazon Reef. © Alexis Rosenfeld / Olivier Bianchimani / Greenpeace
Mesophotic reef. Video grab taken at 100 meters depth in the Amazon Reef. Mesophotic coral reef is characterised by the presence of both light dependent coral and algae, and organisms that can be found in water with low light penetration.
© Alexis Rosenfeld / Olivier Bianchimani / Greenpeace

According to the company, the leak was identified on 4 January 2026, at more than 9 thousand feet deep in the sea. Petrobrás announced a plan to halt activities for 15 days and stated that the fluid is composed of a mixture of solids, liquids and chemicals.

This is not an isolated incident but an alert, having been warned about in 2025 by a delegation formed by Greenpeace Brazil, local NGOs, Quilombolas, Indigenous movements and fishermen communities, in a filed lawsuit in the Federal Court against Brazilian Environmental Agency IBAMA, Petrobrás and the Brazilian State. The delegation requested the immediate suspension of activities and the cancellation of the operating license granted to Petrobras for exploration.

MY Witness during Amazon Coast Expedition in Brazil. © Enrico Marone / Greenpeace
The meeting point of the waters from the Amazon River and the Atlantic Ocean.
The Greenpeace sailboat Witness is conducting the Protect The Amazon Coast Expedition with the aim of documenting the potential impacts of oil exploration on the Amazon coast.
© Enrico Marone / Greenpeace

This latest leak has a direct relationship with the environmental risks pointed out during  the licensing process. An oil spill near the Amazon River Basin can be devastating to the delicate ecosystem of the region, and to the local communities who depend on a healthy ocean for their livelihoods. Information about the leak was taken to the lawsuit, in which the authors reiterate the urgency of an immediate action by the Federal Court in suspending the operating license.  

According to a lawyer from Greenpeace Brazil, between 1975 and 2014, operations of this type were responsible for 95.22% of the accidents recorded on drilling platforms and production in deep water. The impacts and risks are obvious, so the judicial measure of suspension of activities is necessary, based on the principles of prevention and precaution.

Protect the Amazon Coast Expedition in Brazil. © Tais Terra / Greenpeace
Greenpeace Brazil held workshops on the possible impacts of oil exploration in Foz do Amazonas on riverside and quilombola communities in Amapá, Oiapoque, Cunani and Calçoene – together with partner organizations Arayara, WWF, ClimaInfo and Instituto Iepé – to share, listen and understand the challenges faced by the populations that live there and whose ways of life and existence are threatened.
© Tais Terra / Greenpeace

Oil exploration in the Amazon is a real, predictable and an avoidable risk. Still, drilling continues, even with insufficient environmental impact studies, without consultation with impacted communities and without assessment of climate impacts. It’s time for fossil fuel phaseout and a just transition that puts people, dignity, and a fossil-free future first.

Illegal Mining in the Sararé Indigenous Land in the Amazon. © Fabio Bispo / Greenpeace
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Marlon Marinho is a Multimedia Editor with Greenpeace International.