ืดื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืœื ื—ื™ื™ืืด

ืชื™ืขื•ื“: ืืœืขื“ ืื™ื‘ืก / ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก

ืด..ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืงื™ืจืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืฉื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ืืช ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื“"ืจ ืื‘ื™ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื›ืฉื™ื•ืชื, ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื. ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืขืœื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืš ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื! ื ืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ื”ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื”. ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืจืืฉืชืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืงื•ื“ื”" ืฉื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืงื•ื“ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”! ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื, ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื™ื ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ "ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉืชื ื™ื. ืชื™ืขื“ื ื• ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ – ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ ืจืืฉืชืŸ ื•ื–ื™ืคื™ื•ืก ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื’ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื – ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœื™ ืฉืืกืคื ื• ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืœื ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืกืคืง – ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืœื ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžืœื

ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื

ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืข ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฉื™ืช ืดื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ืกืด ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ

ืื™ืš ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ืœืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”

ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžื–ื‘ืœื” ื“ื ื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ (ืชื™ืขื•ื“: ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก)

ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” โ€“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืื’ื“ื”. ื›ืฉืœื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืžื ื•ืช ืขื ืง, ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ืฉื˜ืคื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ืชืžื™ื ื ื”ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก ื ืกืขื• ืœืงื ื™ื” ื•ืœื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืœื”. ืžืžืฆืื™ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื–ื”.

ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื” ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช

ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื‘ืจืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ โ€“ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•. ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœ-80% ืžื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื”ืžืช ื ื—ืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื—ืกืœืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ื›ืคืคื” ืœื™ื“: ืžื™ืงืกื•ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื™"ืœ (ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ) โ€“ ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืื•ื–ืœืช ื™ื“ ื‘ืื›ื™ืคื” ืžื•ืœ ื›ื™"ืœ. ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™"ืœ, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืžื” ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื— ืžื•ืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื•ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื›ื‘ืฉืœื”. ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™"ืœ ื›ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืกื“ืจืชื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืžืขืชื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช. ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ืœืืžืฅ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืชื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื•ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื.

ืžื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื”-Safer โ€“ ืืกื•ืŸ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ

ื”-Safer ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืžื™ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 1988. ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” 14,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ื ื•ืชืจื” ืœืœื ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”, ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื• ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ืœื™ืคืช ื ืคื˜ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืœืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขื ืง. ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื ื˜ืจื•ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”.ย 

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœืžื™ื›ืœื™ืช ืื—ืจืช, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ 80 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉื–ื™ืžืŸ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ื“ืื’ืชืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื”ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืกื‘ืกื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ย ืืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื. ืืš ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชืŸ, ื•ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืžืœื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”-Safer ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ, ื•ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆื. ืžืชืŸ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ-ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื–ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ.

ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก ื—ืกืžื• ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืกื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœื”

ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก ื—ื•ืกื ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืกื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช (ืชื™ืขื•ื“: ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก)

ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-60 ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื—ืกืžื• ืืช ืชื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ืžืœ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื•ืžื ืขื• ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ืขื ืง ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื›-60 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ื’ ืกื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ. ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 18 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื‘ืžื—ืื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืชืช ื™ื“ ืœื”ืจืก ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื•ืœืงื“ื ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื—ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืง ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืœื™ื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื™ื”, ืฉืžืŸ ื“ืงืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” โ€“ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจืก ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืจืžื™ืกืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืœืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžืกื—ืจืจ ื•ืžื“ืื™ื’

ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” (ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก)

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื—ืฉืคื” ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90% ืžื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ืกืงืจื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื’ืจื ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืœื’ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1900.ย ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืขื ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”. ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื. ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœืจืขื” ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื•ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช "ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื" ื•ืกื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.

ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช, ื™ืฆื•ืื ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืฉื•ืคื›ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื: ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ืคื—ื, ื’ื– ื•ื ืคื˜. ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ืื—ืจืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืœ ื—ื–ื•ืจ.

ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” โ€“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื›ืฉืœืช ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื“ื•"ื— ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื›ืฉืœืช (ืฉื•ื‘) ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื. 14 ืžืชื•ืš 19 ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืชื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื”, ืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืื•ืช, ืื ืœื ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื•ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื—ืชืžื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžื ื”, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย 

ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื™ื™ืœ